Law Enforcement Challenges in “STNK Only” Motor Vehicle Transactions: A Criminal and Civil Law Perspective

Abstract

The increasing practice of “STNK Only” motor vehicle transactions, in which vehicles are sold without complete ownership documents, particularly the Vehicle Ownership Certificate (BPKB), creates significant challenges for law enforcement and legal protection. This study aims to analyze the legal challenges faced in handling “STNK Only” motor vehicle transactions from criminal and civil law perspectives and to examine the forms of legal protection available to buyers acting in good faith. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Legal materials were analyzed qualitatively through systematic interpretation of relevant criminal and civil law provisions. The results indicate that “STNK Only” transactions may generate both criminal and civil legal consequences, particularly where the transaction involves deception, unlawful possession, vehicles originating from criminal activities, or misrepresentation concerning ownership status. From a civil law perspective, the absence of complete ownership documents creates uncertainty regarding the validity, enforceability, and legal protection of the transaction. The study concludes that effective law enforcement requires stronger verification of vehicle ownership, coordination between law enforcement institutions and vehicle registration authorities, and clearer legal mechanisms for protecting good-faith buyers. The findings imply the need for an integrated approach that combines criminal enforcement, civil remedies, administrative verification, and public awareness to strengthen legal certainty in motor vehicle transactions.