International Conference Epicentrum of Economic Global Framework
The International Conference on The Epicentrum of Economic Global Framework (ICEEGLOF) aims to be a discussion forum and share knowledge regarding the challenges and opportunities faced in the transformative era. The world is currently facing a transformative era marked by rapid changes in various fields, such as technology, economics, social and environmental. These changes are impacting the business and social landscape globally. To understand and direct the future in this era of transformation, critical thinking, discussion and collaboration between stakeholders from various sectors is needed. which prepares human resources to achieve success in the global era
The Influence of Social Media Marketing and Brand Awareness on Coffee Purchase Intent: Starbucks Case Study in Medan
This research investigates the impact of social media marketing and brand awareness on consumers' purchase intentions toward Starbucks coffee in Medan City, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach with a sample of 250 respondents, the study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the relationships between variables. Data were collected through online questionnaires using convenience sampling method. The results demonstrate that social media marketing has a significant positive effect on brand awareness (β = 0.742, p < 0.001), and both social media marketing and brand awareness significantly influence purchase intention (β = 0.365 and β = 0.478, respectively, p < 0.001). Additionally, brand awareness mediates the relationship between social media marketing and purchase intention with an indirect effect of 0.355. The study reveals that Starbucks' digital marketing strategies effectively enhance consumer brand perception, which subsequently increases purchase intentions. The findings suggest that coffee companies should prioritize social media engagement and brand-building initiatives to drive consumer purchasing behavior in urban markets. This research contributes to understanding digital marketing effectiveness in the beverage industry and provides practical implications for marketing strategy development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Icha Tri Pratiwi, Arlina Nurbaity Lubis (Author); Beby Karina Fawzeea Sembiring https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of Road Infrastructure and Fuel Oil Consumption on Economic Growth in Indonesia: An ARDL Model Approach
This study aims to analyze the effect of road length and fuel oil consumption on economic growth in Indonesia. The data used are time series data covering the period 2005–2023, obtained from Badan Pusat Statistik and the Indonesian Oil and Gas Statistics published by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The analytical method employed is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The estimation results indicate that in the short run, road length has a negative effect on economic growth, while fuel consumption has a positive effect. However, in the long run, road length positively influences economic growth, whereas fuel consumption has a negative impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 Evalina Pakpahan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of PT Bank Jago Tbk's Financial Performance Before and After Digital Transformation Go Digital: A Case Study of Liquidity, Solvency and Profitability Ratios in 2020–2023
This study aims to analyze the financial performance of PT Bank Jago Tbk (ARTO) before and after the digital transformation carried out in 2020. The focus of this research is on financial ratios, namely liquidity, solvency, and profitability ratios during the 2020–2023 period. The method used is a quantitative descriptive analysis with a case study approach, using the company's annual financial statement data obtained from the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the company's investor website. The results of the analysis show that there have been significant changes in Bank Jago's financial structure after going digital. The liquidity ratio tends to decrease, but remains at a reasonable level. The solvency ratio has increased which indicates the company's ability to meet long-term obligations. Meanwhile, the profitability ratio shows a positive trend that indicates efficiency and an increase in the company's net profit after digitalization. This study provides an overview of the impact of digital transformation on the financial performance of digital banking in Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainal Abidin, Geby Citra Ananda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pancasila as the Foundation of Legal Ethics in International Diplomacy
Pancasila, as the foundation of the Indonesian state, functions not only as the nation's ideological basis but also as an ethical-legal foundation in international diplomacy. This study aims to analyze the relevance and implementation of Pancasila's values in Indonesia's diplomatic practices, particularly in safeguarding sovereignty, building a positive image, and contributing to global peace. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach through content analysis of official documents, international organization reports, academic literature, and case studies of Indonesia's diplomacy in various international forums. Data were also enriched with interviews and secondary sources to strengthen the analysis. The findings reveal that the principle of just and civilized humanity is reflected in Indonesia's role in humanitarian assistance and peacekeeping missions, including its support for refugees and active participation in UN peacekeeping operations. The principle of unity and deliberation is evident in regional diplomacy, such as Indonesia's role in ASEAN and its mediation in the Mindanao peace process. Furthermore, the principle of social justice underlies Indonesia's advocacy on global inequality issues in forums such as the G20 and the United Nations. The application of these values not only strengthens Indonesia's position on the global stage but also highlights an ethical, humanistic, and sustainable form of diplomacy. In conclusion, Pancasila remains highly relevant as an ethical-legal guideline in contemporary diplomacy. Its values provide strategic direction for Indonesia in addressing global challenges while reinforcing its contribution to world peace and stability. With consistent application, Pancasila has the potential to serve as a model for ethical diplomacy for other nations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yermia Hendarwoto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Work Professionalism on Employee Performance at PT. PNM Kabanjahe Branch
This study aims to analyze the influence of work professionalism on employee performance at PT. PNM Branch Kabanjahe. Employee performance is an important factor in supporting organizational effectiveness, especially in service-based financial institutions that require discipline, responsibility, and high work commitment. Professionalism is considered one of the factors that can improve employee performance through better work attitudes, integrity, and compliance with organizational standards. This research employed a quantitative approach using explanatory research methods. The population of this study consisted of all employees of PT. PNM Branch Kabanjahe, totaling 50 employees. Since the population size was relatively small, the study used a saturated sampling technique, in which all employees were selected as respondents. Data were collected using questionnaires distributed directly to respondents and analyzed using Jamovi statistical software. The data analysis techniques included descriptive statistics, validity tests, reliability tests, normality tests, simple linear regression analysis, and coefficient of determination analysis. The results of the study showed that work professionalism had a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The regression analysis indicated a significance value of 0.000, which was smaller than 0.05, meaning that professionalism significantly influences employee performance. The coefficient of determination (R²) value was 0.561, indicating that work professionalism contributed 56.1% to employee performance, while the remaining 43.9% was influenced by other variables outside this study. The findings indicate that employees with high professionalism tend to demonstrate better discipline, responsibility, integrity, and commitment to work quality, leading to improved employee performance. Therefore, PT. PNM Branch Kabanjahe is expected to continuously improve employee professionalism through organizational culture strengthening, discipline improvement, and employee development programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Heru Setiawan (Author); Muhammad Isa Indrawan, Kiki Farida Ferine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect of Organizational Support on Employee Loyalty at PT Permodalan Nasional Madani Medan Branch
This study aims to analyze the effect of organizational support on employee loyalty at PT Permodalan Nasional Madani Medan Branch. Organizational support is considered an important factor in improving employee commitment, emotional attachment, and willingness to remain within the organization. This research employed a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design. The population in this study consisted of all employees of PT Permodalan Nasional Madani Medan Branch, with a total sample of 50 respondents selected using the census sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability testing, and simple linear regression analysis with the assistance of Jamovi software. The results showed that organizational support had a positive and significant effect on employee loyalty. The regression analysis indicated a significance value of 0.000, which was lower than 0.05, meaning that the proposed hypothesis was accepted. In addition, the coefficient of determination test showed that organizational support explained 50.4% of the variation in employee loyalty, while the remaining 49.6% was influenced by other variables outside this study. These findings indicate that employees who perceive stronger organizational support tend to demonstrate higher loyalty toward the organization. This study concludes that organizational support plays an important role in strengthening employee loyalty at PT Permodalan Nasional Madani Medan Branch. Therefore, organizations are expected to continuously improve supportive organizational practices, including employee appreciation, welfare concern, and fair organizational policies, in order to maintain employee commitment and organizational sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Benny Satria B (Author); Erwansyah, Hernawaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect of Training Effectiveness on Employee Job Satisfaction
This study examines the position of risk assessment in correctional policy as the basis for granting conditional rights for inmates of narcotics crimes. This study is motivated by the increasing use of conditional rights in response to the problem of overcapacity in correctional institutions, which requires a rational, accountable, and risk-based decision-making mechanism. This research uses normative legal research methods with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, through an analysis of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections, related implementing regulations, as well as the political doctrine of criminal law and correctional theory. The results of the study show that risk assessment has been normatively placed as an integral part of correctional policies, especially in the process of granting parole. In the political framework of criminal law, risk assessment functions as an instrument to control state discretion so that the granting of conditional rights is carried out proportionately and in line with the interests of community protection. However, the existing regulatory framework has not fully provided detailed normative standards related to assessment indicators, inter-agency coordination mechanisms, and legal accountability for assessment results. This condition has the potential to reduce risk assessment to a purely procedural requirement. Therefore, this study emphasizes that strengthening the normative regulation of risk assessment is an urgent need, so that the policy of granting parole does not only function as an administrative mechanism, but truly becomes a risk-based, accountable, and balance-oriented correctional policy instrument between community protection and the fulfillment of prisoners' rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abu Bakar Sidik (Author); Kiki Farida Ferine, Mesra B. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Customer Experience and After-Sales Service Quality as Drivers of Customer Loyalty: A Conceptual Framework Based on Expectation Confirmation Theory.
The rapid growth of digital technology has shifted business competition from product-oriented strategies to customer experience-oriented approaches. However, studies integrating Digital Customer Experience and After-Sales Service Quality in explaining Customer Loyalty remain limited, particularly within the industrial tools sector. This conceptual paper proposes a research framework based on Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT) to explain the role of Customer Satisfaction as a mediating variable between Digital Customer Experience, After-Sales Service Quality, and Customer Loyalty. The framework is developed through a review of recent marketing and consumer behavior literature and proposes seven hypotheses describing the direct and indirect relationships among the constructs. The proposed model contributes to extending Expectation Confirmation Theory within digital marketing and relationship marketing literature while providing practical insights for organizations seeking to strengthen customer loyalty through enhanced digital experiences and responsive after-sales services. Future empirical studies are recommended to validate the proposed conceptual framework using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).
Copyright (c) 2026 Disya Aisya (Author); Erwansyah, Pipit Buana Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Criminal Responsibility of Medical Personnel After the Enactment of Law No. 17 of 2023: Analysis of Article 438 concerning Rejection of Emergency Patients
This study analyzes the criminal liability of medical personnel following the enactment of Law No. 17 of 2023, specifically focusing on Article 438 concerning the refusal of emergency patients. Utilizing a normative legal research method, this article examines the legal framework, relevant doctrines, and jurisprudential developments. The findings indicate that Law No. 17 of 2023 strengthens the legal protection for emergency patients by imposing stricter criminal sanctions on healthcare facilities and personnel who fail to provide initial assistance or refuse emergency care. Article 438 introduces a tiered criminal liability, with more severe penalties if the refusal leads to disability or death. This shift emphasizes the ultimum remedium principle, ensuring accountability and deterring negligence in emergency medical services. The study concludes that the new law aims to uphold patient rights and enhance the social function of healthcare providers, necessitating robust internal protocols and ethical adherence within healthcare facilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Durra Sadrina Hasan (Author); Henry Aspan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This study aims to analyze the effect of competence, motivation, and rewards on employee performance with work spirit as an intervening variable at the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Immigration of North Sumatra. The problem addressed in th
This study aims to analyze the effect of competence, motivation, and rewards on employee performance with work spirit as an intervening variable at the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Immigration of North Sumatra. The problem addressed in this study is the importance of improving employee performance in responding to increasingly complex public service demands, which are influenced by competence, motivation, rewards, and work spirit. This study employed a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design. The population consisted of all employees at the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Immigration of North Sumatra. Data were collected through questionnaires, while data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the assistance of SmartPLS software. The results indicate that competence has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.290; p = 0.006) and work spirit (β = 0.223; p = 0.029). Motivation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.479; p = 0.001) and work spirit (β = 0.398; p = 0.003). Rewards also have a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.411; p = 0.008) and work spirit (β = 0.375; p = 0.001). However, work spirit does not have a significant effect on employee performance (β = -0.184; p = 0.128). Furthermore, work spirit is unable to mediate the effects of competence, motivation, and rewards on employee performance. The R-Square values indicate that competence, motivation, rewards, and work spirit explain 96.9% of the variance in employee performance, while competence, motivation, and rewards explain 97.0% of the variance in work spirit The study concludes that competence, motivation, and rewards are important factors that directly improve employee performance. Meanwhile, work spirit was not proven to function as an intervening variable in the relationship between competence, motivation, rewards, and employee performance at the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Immigration of North Sumatra.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Darma Sary Tarigan (Author); Mesra B., Kiki Farida Ferine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reconstruction of Criminal Law Policy for Children From a Restorative Justice Perspective in Indonesia
Based on Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, the concept of restorative justice is adopted, which is realized through diversion efforts. Restorative Justice is a model for resolving criminal cases that prioritizes the restoration of victims, perpetrators, and the community. The goal of restorative justice is the participation of victims and perpetrators, the participation of citizens as facilitators in resolving cases, so that there is a guarantee that children or perpetrators will no longer disrupt the harmony that has been created in society. This study aims to analyze the policy of juvenile criminal law and how restorative justice works. This study uses normative research types and secondary data sources as well as legislative approaches and case approaches. Based on the results of the study, the criminal law policy towards children as perpetrators of crimes in Indonesia is specifically regulated through Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (SPPA). This regulation aims to provide special protection, guarantee the future of children, and prioritize a restorative justice approach (recovery) over retaliation. Restorative justice for children in conflict with the law is the resolution of criminal cases that emphasizes restoration to the original state rather than retaliation. This approach must be prioritized in the justice system to restore social balance and avoid negative impacts or stigma on the future of children. Reconstruction of child criminal law policy in Indonesia is crucial to shift the paradigm from retributive to restorative. This approach focuses on resolving cases involving victims, perpetrators, families, and the community to achieve dialogue, responsibility, and peace.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agel Aurel Rica Utami (Author); T. Riza Zarzani, Fitri Rafianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Competence, Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Determinants of Employee Performance at the Medan City Market PUD
This study aims to analyze the influence of Competence, Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment on Employee Performance at the Medan City Market PUD, both partially and simultaneously. The type of research used is quantitative research with an associative approach. The population in this study is all permanent employees and contract PUD Pasar Medan City which totals 740 people. The determination of the number of samples was carried out using the Slovin formula with an error rate of 10%, so that a sample of 88 respondents was obtained which was determined through the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS program. The results of the study showed that partially, Competence had a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance in the Medan City Market PUD, while Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment did not show a significant influence on Employee Performance. Simultaneously, the four independent variables were proven to have a significant effect on Employee Performance, with the level of the model's ability to explain variations in Employee Performance being relatively high. The results of the determination coefficient test showed an Adjusted R Square value of 0.679, which means that Competence, Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment were simultaneously able to explain 67.9% of the variation in Employee Performance in the Medan City Market PUD, while the remaining 32.1% was explained by other factors outside this research model.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suendrizal (Author); Yohny Anwar, Kiki Farida Ferine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Job Satisfaction in Mediating the Effects of Leadership and Intrinsic Motivation on Teacher Performance at SMA Negeri 1 Kuala, Langkat Regency
This study aims to analyze the role of job satisfaction in mediating the effects of leadership and intrinsic motivation on teacher performance at SMA Negeri 1 Kuala, Langkat Regency. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. The study population consists of all 60 teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Kuala. Since the population size is less than 100, the entire population was used as the study sample. Data were collected via a questionnaire using a Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling with the assistance of the SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that leadership has a positive and significant effect on teacher performance. Leadership also has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction. Intrinsic motivation has a positive and significant effect on both teacher performance and job satisfaction. Furthermore, job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on teacher performance. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that job satisfaction mediates the effect of leadership on teacher performance. Job satisfaction also mediates the effect of intrinsic motivation on teacher performance. These findings indicate that improvements in teacher performance are determined not only by the principal’s leadership and teachers’ intrinsic motivation but also by the job satisfaction teachers experience while carrying out their professional duties. Therefore, schools need to strengthen supportive leadership, enhance teachers’ intrinsic motivation, and foster job satisfaction so that teacher performance can improve sustainably.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syahrizal Ginting (Author); Yohny Anwar, Darmilisani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Models of Internal and External Oversight of Police Discretion in the Prevention of Abuse of Power A Study at the North Sumatera Regional Police
Police discretion constitutes a strategic authority in criminal law enforcement that enables law enforcement officers to act flexibly in situations not fully governed by written law. However, the exercise of discretion that is not counterbalanced by an effective oversight system has the potential to give rise to abuse of power (abuse of power). This study aims to analyze the models of internal and external oversight of police discretion and to evaluate the effectiveness of such oversight mechanisms in preventing abuse of power within the North Sumatera Regional Police (Polda Sumatera Utara). This study employs normative legal research methodology, incorporating statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that the existing oversight model remains partial and has yet to be systematically integrated, thereby creating oversight gaps in the practice of police discretion. Internal oversight is constrained by limitations in independence and enforcement consistency, while external oversight remains weak in terms of authority and follow-up effectiveness. Accordingly, this study proposes an integrative oversight model that combines internal and external oversight within a mutually complementary system framework, grounded in the principles of legality, accountability, and transparency. This model is expected to enhance oversight effectiveness and prevent the occurrence of abuse of power in criminal law enforcement, both at the regional and national levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riki Andreas Simbolon (Author); Henry Aspan, Fitri Rafianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of Determinants of ASN Employee Performance at the North Sumatra Province Department of Industry, Trade, Energy, and Mineral Resources
The results of this study aim to know and analyze the influence of work environment, work discipline, and work facilities on the performance of ASN employees of the North Sumatra Provincial Department of Industry, Trade, Energy and Mineral Resources. This study uses a quantitative approach. The sample in the study was 72 ASN employees with random sampling techniques. The results of this study show that the work environment partially has a positive and significant effect on employee performance with a tcal value of 4.839 > ttable 1.995 and a significant value of 0.00 < 0.05. Work Discipline partially has a positive and significant effect on employee performance with a tcal value of 5,998 > ttable 1.995 and significant values 0.00 < 0.05. Work Facilities did not have a positive and significant effect on employee performance with a tcount value of 0.045 < ttable 1.995 and a significant value of 0.964 > 0.05. Work Environment, Work Discipline, and Work Facilities simultaneously have an influence on the Performance of ASN Employees of the Department of Industry, Trade, Energy and Mineral Resources of North Sumatra Province with a value of Fcal 103,893 > Ftable 2.73 and a significant value of 0.00 < 0.05.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Sultan Azianda (Author); Muhammad Toyib Daulay, Sri Rahayu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparison of Commercial Health Insurance and Health Social Security in Indonesia
The health financing system in Indonesia is organized through two main schemes, namely health social security and commercial health insurance. Health social security, which is realized through the Health Social Security Administration Agency (BPJS), is mandatory and based on the principles of mutual cooperation, non-profit, and social justice with the aim of ensuring access to health services for the entire population without discrimination. In contrast, commercial health insurance is voluntary and is organized under a civil agreement between the insurer and the participant, with the main principle of risk transfer and the calculation of individual risk-based premiums. The difference in the characteristics of the two systems causes differences in financing mechanisms, service standards, legal relations between the parties, and the claim dispute resolution process. This article aims to analyze and compare commercial health insurance and health social security in Indonesia comprehensively from a health law perspective. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach, supported by secondary data in the form of scientific literature, previous research results, and legal provisions related to the social security and insurance system. The analysis focused on differences in legal principles, health service guarantee mechanisms, patterns of legal relations between participants, organizers, and hospitals, and their implications for patient legal protection and financing certainty for hospitals. The results of the study show that health social security emphasizes the state's function in fulfilling the right to health and social protection, while commercial insurance emphasizes freedom of contract and business risk management. These differences have a direct impact on health service practices, especially related to financing, claims, and potential disputes. Therefore, a complete understanding of the differences between commercial insurance and health social security is important as a basis for policy formulation, increasing legal protection for patients, and strengthening legal certainty and sustainability of health service financing in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Caroline Mellisa, Henry Aspan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Personal Branding in Mediating the Influence of Credibility on Taxpayer Compliance at KPP Pratama Medan Timur
This study aims to analyze the effect of credibility on taxpayer compliance, with personal branding as an intervening variable, at the Medan Timur Tax Office. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. The sample consisted of 100 individual taxpayers selected using purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted via a questionnaire using a Likert scale and analyzed using Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 3.0. The results indicate that credibility has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Credibility also has a positive and significant effect on personal branding. Furthermore, personal branding has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that personal branding significantly mediates the effect of credibility on taxpayer compliance. The coefficient of determination indicates that credibility explains 11.9 percent of the variance in personal branding, while taxpayer compliance is explained by credibility and personal branding to the extent of 44.2 percent. These findings suggest that enhancing the credibility of tax officials through strengthened personal branding can promote increased taxpayer compliance at the Medan Timur Primary Tax Office.
Copyright (c) 2026 Benjamin Gultom (Author); Mesra B, Muhammad Isa Indrawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Taxpayer Compliance in Mediating the Influence of Marketing Communication on Taxpayers’ Decisions at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office
This study aims to analyze the effect of marketing communication on taxpayer decisions, with taxpayer commitment as an intervening variable, at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The research sample consisted of 293 respondents obtained through probability sampling using the Slovin formula. Data were collected using a questionnaire with a Likert scale and analyzed using Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 3.0. The results indicate that marketing communication has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer decisions. Marketing communication also has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer commitment. Furthermore, taxpayer commitment has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer decisions. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that taxpayer commitment significantly mediates the effect of marketing communication on taxpayer decisions. The coefficient of determination indicates that marketing communication explains 15.8 percent of taxpayer commitment, while taxpayer compliance decisions are explained by marketing communication and taxpayer commitment by 48.8 percent. These findings suggest that improving the quality of marketing communication can strengthen taxpayer commitment, which ultimately promotes increased tax compliance at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office.
Copyright (c) 2026 Boy Oktavino S Tampubolon (Author); Husni Muharram Ritonga, Mesra B https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Employee performance is a major factor in the success of an organization, including BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. This study aims to analyze the influence of leadership style and organizational culture on employee performance, with motivation as a moderating variable. The research method used is a quantitative approach with data collection techniques through questionnaire surveys distributed to BPJS Ketenagakerjaan employees at the Kisaran Branch and Padang Sidempuan Branch. Data analysis was carried out using regression methods and moderation tests to determine the relationship between variables. The results of the study indicate that leadership style has a significant influence on employee performance. A strong organizational culture also contributes to increasing employee productivity and loyalty. In addition, employee motivation has been shown to moderate the relationship between leadership style and organizational culture on performance, where high motivation strengthens the positive impact of leadership and organizational culture on employee performance. The implication of this study is the importance of leaders in implementing an appropriate leadership style and building a positive organizational culture in order to improve employee performance. BPJS Ketenagakerjaan is advised to develop leadership training programs, strengthen a productive work culture, and provide incentives that can increase employee motivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erwin Veri Siregar (Author); Muhammad Isa Indrawan, Mesra B https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Trust in Mediating Influence Quality of Service and Perception of Ease Against the Decision to Pay Taxes
This study aims to analyze the influence of service quality and perception of convenience on the decision to pay taxes with trust as an intervening variable in taxpayers at KPP Pratama Medan Petisah. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The research population is active individual taxpayers in Sunggal Village, Sei Sikambing B Village, and Tanjung Rejo Village. The research sample totaled 389 respondents who were determined using the Slovin formula with an error rate of 5%. Primary data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires on the Likert scale. The data analysis technique uses Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling with the help of SmartPLS. The results of the study show that the quality of service has a positive and significant effect on the decision to pay taxes and trusts. The perception of convenience also has a positive and significant effect on the decision to pay taxes and trusts. In addition, trust has a positive and significant effect on the decision to pay taxes. The results of the indirect test showed that trust was able to mediate the influence of service quality and the perception of convenience on the decision to pay taxes. The R-square value shows that the quality of service and the perception of ease are able to explain trust by 25.6%, while the quality of service, perception of convenience, and trust can explain the decision to pay taxes by 40.5%. These findings confirm that taxpayers' decisions in paying taxes can be improved through quality services, an easy-to-use tax system, and trust in tax authorities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Defry Dian Hamonangan P. Tondang (Author); Kiki Farida Ferine, Husni Muharram Ritonga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Trust in Mediating the Effect of Digital Service Quality on Taxpayers’ Decisions at the Lubuk Pakam Tax Office Lubuk Pakam
This study aims to analyze the effect of digital service quality on taxpayers’ decisions, with trust as an intervening variable, among taxpayers at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. The sample consisted of 362 respondents, selected using probability sampling based on the Slovin formula. Data were collected via a questionnaire using a Likert scale and analyzed using Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 3.0. The results indicate that digital service quality has a positive and significant effect on taxpayers’ decisions. Digital service quality also has a positive and significant effect on taxpayers’ trust. Furthermore, trust has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer decisions. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that trust significantly mediates the effect of digital service quality on taxpayer decisions. The coefficient of determination indicates that digital service quality explains 16 percent of the variance in the trust variable, while taxpayer decisions are explained by digital service quality and trust to the extent of 49.2 percent. These findings indicate that improvements in the quality of digital services not only have a direct impact on taxpayers’ decisions but also work through increased taxpayer trust. Thus, trust plays a crucial role in strengthening the relationship between the quality of digital services and taxpayers’ decisions at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhani Ahmad Fauzi Lubis (Author); Husni Muharram Ritonga, Elfitra Desy Surya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Intention In Mediating the Effects of Perceptions of Tax Fairness and the Image of the Directorate General of Taxes on Taxpayer Compliance
This study aims to analyze the role of tax payment intention in mediating the influence of perceptions of tax fairness and the image of the Directorate General of Taxes on taxpayer compliance at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The study population consisted of active individual taxpayers in Hamparan Perak Village, Kelambir Village, and Kelambir Lima Kebun Village, Deli Serdang Regency. The sample size was 388 respondents, determined using the Slovin formula with a 5% margin of error. Primary data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire. Data analysis employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling using SmartPLS 3.0. The results indicate that perceptions of tax fairness have a positive and significant effect on tax payment intention and taxpayer compliance. The image of the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP) also has a positive and significant effect on tax payment intention and taxpayer compliance. Furthermore, the intention to pay taxes has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Indirect testing results indicate that the intention to pay taxes mediates the effects of perceptions of tax fairness and the image of the DGT on taxpayer compliance. The R-squared value indicates that the model explains 23% of the variance in tax payment intention and 40.8% of the variance in taxpayer compliance. These findings confirm that taxpayer compliance is determined not only by administrative regulations but also by perceptions of fairness, institutional image, and taxpayers’ internal intentions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Hanim Batubara (Author); Kiki Farida Ferine, Erwansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Attitude in Mediating the Effect of Service Quality on Tax Compliance Among Taxpayers at the Lubuk Pakam Local Tax Office
This study aims to analyze the mediating role of attitude in the effect of service quality on tax compliance among individual taxpayers at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. The research sample consisted of 395 respondents selected using probability sampling based on the Slovin formula. Data were collected via a questionnaire using a Likert scale and analyzed using Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 3.0. The results indicate that service quality has a positive and significant effect on taxpayers’ attitudes. Service quality also has a positive and significant effect on tax compliance. Furthermore, taxpayers’ attitudes have a positive and significant effect on tax compliance. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that attitudes significantly mediate the effect of service quality on tax compliance. These findings indicate that improving tax service quality not only has a direct impact on taxpayer compliance but also works by fostering positive taxpayer attitudes. Thus, enhancing service quality is a crucial strategy for improving tax compliance by changing taxpayer attitudes at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umriza Makrufan Nasution (Author); Erwansyah, Mesra B https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tax Planning and Corporate Value: The Role of Firm Size as a Moderation Variable in Energy Companies
This study aims to analyze the influence of tax planning on the value of companies with firm size as a moderation variable in energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2020–2024 period. This research is motivated by fluctuations in the value of companies in the energy sector and the inconsistency of previous research results regarding the relationship between tax planning and company value. The research uses a quantitative approach with secondary data obtained from financial statements and annual reports. The research sample consisted of 24 energy sector companies selected using purposive sampling techniques, so that data was obtained from 120 observations. Data analysis was carried out using panel data regression with Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The company's value is proxied by Price to Book Value (PBV), tax planning is measured using the Effective Tax Rate (ETR), and firm size is measured by the natural logarithm of total assets. The results of the study show that tax planning has a positive effect on the value of the company. However, firm size has not been proven to be able to moderate the influence of tax planning on company value. These findings suggest that while tax planning can increase a company's value, company size does not significantly strengthen or weaken the relationship in the corporate context of the energy sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Heny Nurlaili (Author); Renny Maisyarah, M. Irsan Nasution https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of Job Design and Work Environment on Human Resource Development at PT Berkat Samudra Gemilang Lines
This study aims to analyze the influence of job design and work environment on human resource development at PT Berkat Samudra Gemilang Lines. A quantitative research approach was employed using a survey method involving company employees as respondents. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The findings indicate that job design and work environment have a positive and significant effect on human resource development. Effective job design, supported by a conducive work environment, enhances employees' competencies, productivity, and overall performance. The study concludes that improving job structures and workplace conditions is essential for strengthening sustainable human resource development and organizational competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agunawan (Author); Sri Rahayu, Yohny Anwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Application of Machine Learning for Business Licensing Data Analytics at the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Service Office of South Tapanuli Regency
The rapid growth of digital government initiatives has encouraged public institutions to utilize data-driven technologies to improve service quality and operational efficiency. One of the government agencies responsible for providing business licensing services is the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Service Office (DPMPTSP) of South Tapanuli Regency. The increasing volume of business licensing applications generates a large amount of data that can be analyzed to support decision-making and enhance service performance. However, conventional data processing methods often fail to extract valuable insights from historical licensing records. Therefore, this study applies Machine Learning techniques to analyze business licensing data and identify patterns that can support more effective and efficient public service delivery. The research methodology consists of data collection, data preprocessing, feature selection, model development, and performance evaluation. Several Machine Learning algorithms, including Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest, were implemented and compared using Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-Score metrics. The dataset used in this study contains business licensing records obtained from DPMPTSP South Tapanuli Regency. The experimental results show that the Random Forest algorithm achieved the best performance with an accuracy of 93.80%, precision of 92.70%, recall of 92.10%, and F1-score of 92.40%. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that the trade sector recorded the highest number of licensing applications compared to other business sectors. The findings demonstrate that Machine Learning can effectively support business licensing data analytics and provide valuable insights for improving public service performance. The generated information can assist DPMPTSP in identifying licensing trends, optimizing resource allocation, and supporting data-driven decision-making. Consequently, the implementation of Machine Learning has significant potential to enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of business licensing services while supporting digital transformation initiatives in public administration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rezkinah Rambe (Author); Muhammad Syahputra Novelan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of Sustainable Domestic Cooperation Administration for Enhancing Educational Management Effectiveness at Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi
This study examines the role of sustainable domestic cooperation administration in enhancing the effectiveness of educational management at Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi. Sustainable cooperation administration is essential for strengthening institutional governance, improving collaboration with domestic stakeholders, and ensuring the continuity of academic, research, and community engagement activities. This research employed a quantitative approach using a survey method involving university leaders, faculty members, and administrative staff engaged in managing domestic cooperation programs. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that sustainable domestic cooperation administration has a significant positive effect on educational management effectiveness. Effective administrative practices, including systematic planning, implementation, monitoring, documentation, and evaluation of cooperation agreements, contribute to improved institutional performance, decision-making, resource utilization, and stakeholder satisfaction. Furthermore, sustainable cooperation enhances organizational accountability and supports the achievement of strategic institutional goals. The study concludes that strengthening the administrative management of domestic partnerships is a strategic approach to improving educational management effectiveness in higher education institutions. The findings provide practical recommendations for university leaders to develop integrated cooperation management systems that promote sustainability, institutional quality, and long-term organizational performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Rahayu (Author); Elfitra Desy Surya, Dini Andriani Lubis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of the Regional Inspectorate of Supervision in Strengthening Transparent and Accountable Police Governance at the North Sumatra Regional Police
The reform of the Indonesian National Police toward a Professional, Modern, and Trustworthy institution positions internal oversight as the backbone of transparent and accountable governance. The Regional Inspectorate of Supervision (Itwasda) functions as the internal oversight unit at the Regional Police level, yet its effectiveness is frequently questioned because it is embedded within the very structure it is meant to control. This study aims to analyse the role and legal standing of Itwasda in strengthening transparent and accountable police governance within the North Sumatra Regional Police, and to identify the obstacles together with the formulation for its reinforcement. The research employs a normative legal method complemented by an empirical approach, applying statute, conceptual, and case approaches, with legal materials analysed qualitatively and prescriptively. The findings reveal that Itwasda plays a strategic role through audit, review, evaluation, monitoring, and routine inspection that sustain the principles of accountability and openness, although its optimisation is hampered by limited structural independence, sectoral egoism, corps culture, weak follow-up of recommendations, and a shortage of certified auditors. The study recommends strengthening functional independence, synergy with external oversight bodies, digitalising supervision, and cultural reform so that the function of Itwasda evolves from administrative formality into a tangible instrument of public accountability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yunda Amalia (Author); Henry Aspan, Mhd. Azhali Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Transformation of the Integrated Police Service Center (SPKT) as an Instrument for Protecting Reporters' Rights in the Era of Bureaucratic Reform
Receiving public reports and complaints. The ongoing digital transformation within the police institution carries significant consequences for public service mechanisms, particularly in the context of protecting reporters' constitutional rights. This study aims to examine how the digital transformation of SPKT contributes as an instrument for protecting reporters' rights within the framework of bureaucratic reform in Indonesia. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statutory approach (statute approach), conceptual approach (conceptual approach), and case approach (case approach). Legal materials were collected through library research on regulations, academic literature, and relevant policy documents. The findings indicate that although the digitalization of SPKT through the Dumas Presisi application and SPKT Online has facilitated access for reporters, its implementation still faces various structural and cultural obstacles, ranging from the digital divide and limited technological literacy among the public to suboptimal online protection of reporters' data. This study concludes that strengthening technical regulations, enhancing police human resource capacity, and fostering cross-sectoral collaboration are necessary to ensure that the digital transformation of SPKT genuinely functions as an effective, equitable, and just instrument for protecting reporters' rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Taufik Akbar (Author); Fitri Rafianti, Mhd. Azhali Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimizing the Implementation of Part-Time Government Employees with Work Agreements (PPPK) in Supporting Bureaucratic Reform in East Aceh Regency
The Part-Time Government Employees with Employment Agreements (PPPK Part-Time) policy is an integral component of Indonesia's civil service reform aimed at restructuring non-civil servant employees while maintaining the continuity of public service delivery. East Aceh Regency is among the regions with a significant number of Part-Time PPPK employees, totaling 5,077 personnel distributed across 61 regional government agencies. This condition requires the local government to establish an effective policy implementation framework to support bureaucratic reform. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Part-Time PPPK policy in East Aceh Regency and formulate strategies for its optimization. The research employed an empirical juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches supported by secondary data and interview findings. The results indicate that the implementation of the Part-Time PPPK policy has contributed to maintaining public service delivery, particularly in the education, health, and technical service sectors. However, the large number of Part-Time PPPK employees necessitates a more adaptive governance model through organization-based human resource management, performance evaluation focused on public service outcomes, continuous capacity development, and periodic policy evaluation. Optimizing the implementation of this policy is expected to strengthen bureaucratic reform while improving the quality of public services in East Aceh Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yanwar Fakhri (Author); Ali Yusran Gea, Tamaulina Br. Sembiring https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Study of the Legal Accountability System for Press Companies Based on the Press Law and the Criminal Code
This study aims to examine the legal liability of media companies under the Press Law and the Criminal Code, as well as to analyse the obstacles and policies relating to the legal liability of media companies. The study employs a normative legal research design with a descriptive-analytical approach, discussing existing legal phenomena and issues and testing them against applicable legislation and legal norms. The results of this study indicate that the legal liability of press companies under Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code is regulated in Articles 45 to 50 concerning the legal framework for corporations as subjects of criminal offences. Meanwhile, under Law No. 40 of 1999 on the Press, as set out in Articles 9, 12 and 18, it is stipulated that every press company in Indonesia must be a legal entity and must specify the name of the person in charge. Challenges regarding the legal liability of press companies stem from conflicts between legal norms, the attribution of fault, the large number of press companies that lack legal entity status, and the fact that corporations cannot be sentenced to imprisonment. Legal policies to address these challenges include: optimising inter-institutional cooperation and restorative justice, harmonising the application of additional penalties under the Criminal Code, and establishing standards for absolute editorial liability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sagita Purnomo (Author); Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar, Ismaidar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Bhabinkamtibmas in the Maintenance of Public Security and Order: A Case Study of the Barumun Sector Police
Public Security and Order Maintenance (Harkamtibmas) is one of the essential prerequisites for achieving social stability, public welfare, and sustainable development. Based on Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police, one of the primary duties of the Indonesian National Police (Polri) is to maintain public security and order. In carrying out this responsibility, Polri implements Community Policing (Polmas) as regulated under Chief of Police Regulation Number 3 of 2015 concerning Community Policing, which designates Bhayangkara Pembina Keamanan dan Ketertiban Masyarakat (Bhabinkamtibmas) as the Community Policing officer at the village or sub-district level. Bhabinkamtibmas is responsible for conducting community development, early detection of potential security threats, mediation, problem-solving, and building partnerships with the community to create a safe, orderly, and conducive environment. This study aims to analyze the role of Bhabinkamtibmas in realizing Public Security and Order Maintenance (Harkamtibmas) in Gunung Intan Village, Barumun Selatan District, Padang Lawas Regency, to identify the obstacles encountered in carrying out its duties based on the provisions of Chief of Police Regulation Number 3 of 2015 concerning Community Policing, and to examine the efforts undertaken to overcome these obstacles. This research employs an empirical legal research method using a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving Bhabinkamtibmas officers, village officials, community leaders, and local residents. The findings reveal that Bhabinkamtibmas plays a strategic role in maintaining public security and order through community development activities, legal education, conflict mediation, problem-solving, routine community visits, and coordination with village authorities and community leaders in accordance with the duties and functions mandated by Chief of Police Regulation Number 3 of 2015 concerning Community Policing. These activities contribute to enhancing public legal awareness, preventing social conflicts, strengthening community participation, and creating a safe, orderly, and conducive social environment. However, the implementation of Bhabinkamtibmas' duties continues to face several challenges, including limited facilities and infrastructure, low legal awareness among some members of the community, insufficient public participation, and the geographical conditions of the assigned areas. To address these challenges, Bhabinkamtibmas continues to strengthen communication, cooperation, community involvement, and preventive measures in maintaining environmental security. This study concludes that the implementation of Bhabinkamtibmas' duties, as mandated by Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police and Chief of Police Regulation Number 3 of 2015 concerning Community Policing, has played a significant role in realizing Public Security and Order Maintenance (Harkamtibmas) in Gunung Intan Village. The findings further indicate the need to strengthen community policing programs, enhance public legal awareness, and increase support from various stakeholders to improve the effectiveness of maintaining public security and order at the village level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Djamaludin R Pasaribu (Author); T. Riza Zarzani, Henry Aspan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of the Implementation of Restorative Justice Based on Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021 in Handling Crimes of Persecution
The high number of criminal acts of persecution in Indonesia is a serious burden on the national criminal justice system which tends to be retributive. Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021 is present as a normative breakthrough that provides a legal basis for investigators in implementing restorative justice at the investigation level. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of restorative justice based on the Perpol in handling persecution cases as well as formulate an optimization model. The method used is empirical juridical with a statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach, through literature studies, in-depth interviews with investigators and the Criminal Investigation Office, and analysis of case documents. The results of the study show that the implementation of restorative justice at the investigation level has been procedurally successful, but it has not been optimal substantively due to limited investigator capacity, inconsistency in the implementation of requirements, weak supervision, and inadequate victim protection. Optimization requires strengthening technical regulations, standardizing national SOPs, improving investigator competence, stronger internal supervision, and affirming victim protection mechanisms so that restorative justice is able to realize substantive justice, legal certainty, and balanced benefits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erwin Syahputra Ginting (Author); T. Riza Zarzani, Henry Aspan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Criminological Analysis of Ethical Code Violations Committed by Indonesian National Police Officers and Their Implications for Public Trust (A Study at the North Sumatra Regional Police)
The increasing number of ethical violations committed by members of the Indonesian National Police has become a serious concern in the context of law enforcement and public institutional accountability. This study aims to analyze criminologically the factors causing violations of the police code of ethics within the North Sumatra Regional Police and to examine their implications for public trust in the police institution. The research employed normative juridical methods supported by empirical data through a statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The findings indicate that ethical violations committed by police officers are not merely individual deviations but are also influenced by weak supervision, abuse of authority, organizational culture, pressure within law enforcement practices, and inconsistencies in disciplinary enforcement. In several cases handled by the North Sumatra Regional Police between 2021 and 2025, violations involving extortion, narcotics abuse, abuse of authority, and acts of violence significantly affected public perception of the police institution. The gap between normative legal ideals and practical implementation demonstrates that ethical regulations within the police institution have not been optimally enforced. This condition contributes to declining public confidence and weakens the legitimacy of law enforcement institutions. Therefore, strengthening internal supervision, enhancing transparency in ethical proceedings, improving professionalism, and reformulating ethics-based law enforcement policies are necessary to restore public trust and institutional integrity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ridha Novita Sari (Author); Henry Aspan, Mhd. Azhali Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Leadership and Work Motivation on Employee Performance at Putra Abadi Langkat University
Employee performance is a key factor in determining the effectiveness and quality of services provided by higher education institutions. This study aims to analyze the influence of leadership and work motivation on the performance of non-academic employees at Putra Abadi Langkat University, both partially and simultaneously, as well as to identify the most dominant influencing variable. This research employed a quantitative approach with a causal associative design. The population consisted of all 45 permanent non-academic employees of Putra Abadi Langkat University. Since the population was fewer than 100 individuals, a census (total sampling) technique was applied, resulting in a sample of 45 respondents. Data were collected through structured questionnaires using a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS through validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t-test, F-test, and coefficient of determination (R²). The findings reveal that leadership has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.385; t = 3.420; p = 0.001), while work motivation also has a positive and significant effect (β = 0.475; t = 4.115; p = 0.000). Simultaneously, leadership and work motivation significantly influence employee performance (F = 28.450; p = 0.000). The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.575 indicates that 57.5% of the variation in employee performance is explained by leadership and work motivation, while the remaining 42.5% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study. Furthermore, work motivation was identified as the most dominant variable affecting employee performance. These findings suggest that strengthening leadership practices and enhancing employee motivation are essential strategies for improving organizational performance and service quality in higher education institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarifah Rista Maulina (Author); Sri Rahayu, Saimara A. M. Sebayang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Problems of Proving Corporate Criminal Liability in Organized Narcotics Crimes in Indonesia
The development of organized narcotics crime in Indonesia has shown increasingly complex patterns involving corporate entities as instruments for the distribution, concealment, and laundering of proceeds from narcotics trafficking. In practice, corporations are no longer merely passive entities but have become strategic actors facilitating transnational narcotics networks through business structures that appear legally legitimate. This study aims to analyze the problems of proving corporate criminal liability in organized narcotics crimes and to examine the formulation of criminal law policies needed to strengthen the enforcement of corporate accountability in Indonesia. This research uses normative legal research methods with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The study reveals that the current legal framework still encounters significant obstacles in proving the mens rea and actus reus of corporations due to the complexity of corporate structures, weak tracing of beneficial ownership, limited investigative capacity, and inconsistencies in the application of corporate criminal liability doctrines by law enforcement officers. In addition, the overlap between the Narcotics Law, Anti-Money Laundering Law, and corporate regulations has created legal uncertainty in practice. Therefore, strengthening legal synchronization, expanding evidentiary mechanisms, optimizing financial investigation techniques, and reformulating corporate criminal liability doctrines are necessary to ensure more effective law enforcement against organized narcotics crimes involving corporations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Rinaldi Tarigan (Author); Henry Aspan, Mhd. Azhali Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Restorative Justice as an Instrument for Resolving Minor Criminal Offenses from the Perspective of Law Number 1 of 2023
The development of modern criminal law has shifted from a retributive approach toward a more humane and restorative-oriented paradigm, particularly in the resolution of minor criminal offenses. In Indonesia, the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code reflects the strengthening of restorative justice as an alternative mechanism for resolving criminal cases through reconciliation, restoration of social relations, and protection of victims’ rights. This study aims to examine the juridical implications of implementing restorative justice in resolving minor criminal offenses and to analyze its legal regulation within the perspective of Law Number 1 of 2023. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Legal materials were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using deductive and interpretative reasoning methods. The findings demonstrate that the implementation of restorative justice has progressive juridical implications for Indonesia’s criminal justice system by shifting the orientation of punishment from retaliation toward social recovery, victim protection, and offender reintegration. Furthermore, restorative justice contributes to reducing prison overcrowding and improving the effectiveness of criminal justice administration. However, the study also reveals that the regulation of restorative justice in the 2023 Criminal Code remains implicit and lacks clear procedural standards, potentially creating disparities in law enforcement practices. Therefore, harmonization between substantive and procedural criminal law, along with the establishment of clear technical guidelines, is necessary to ensure legal certainty, justice, and accountability in the implementation of restorative justice for minor criminal offenses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Boy Alexander Hutasoit (Author); Henry Aspan, T. Riza Zarzani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of Organizational Commitment, Organizational Culture, and Non-Physical Work Environment on Employee Human Resource Development at PT Belawan New Container Terminal
This study was conducted to empirically examine the effect of organizational commitment, organizational culture, and the non-physical work environment on human resource development (HRD) of employees at PT Belawan New Container Terminal. The research employed a quantitative approach with an associative research design, using multiple linear regression analysis to test the relationships and effects among the variables. The research population consisted of all 210 employees, while the sample was determined using the Slovin formula, resulting in 68 permanent employees selected as respondents. A purposive sampling technique was applied. Data collection was carried out through the distribution of questionnaires to respondents in 2025. The collected data were then processed and analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. The results of the analysis indicated that organizational commitment, organizational culture, and the non-physical work environment had a positive and significant effect on human resource development, both partially and simultaneously. The findings also showed that organizational culture was the most dominant variable influencing human resource development compared to the other variables examined. All hypotheses proposed in this study were proven and accepted, as the empirical testing results were consistent with the research hypotheses. The coefficient of determination indicated that approximately 85.7% of the variation in human resource development could be explained by organizational commitment, organizational culture, and the non-physical work environment, while the remaining variation was influenced by other factors outside the research model. In addition, the relationship between the three independent variables and human resource development was classified as very strong.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismail Yakub (Author); Rindi Andika, Soulthan Saladin Batubara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of the Effectiveness of First Response Actions at Crime Scenes by the Samapta Unit in Criminal Offense Handling (A Study at Karo Regional Police)
This study examines the effectiveness of the First Action at the Crime Scene (Tindakan Pertama di Tempat Kejadian Perkara/TPTKP) conducted by the Samapta Unit of the Karo Regional Police in handling criminal offenses. The study is based on the importance of initial police actions in supporting criminal law enforcement, particularly in securing crime scenes, protecting victims, preserving evidence, and maintaining public order. Problems in the implementation of TPTKP, such as limited personnel, inadequate facilities, geographical constraints, and low public legal awareness, may affect the effectiveness of criminal investigations and legal certainty. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of TPTKP implementation by the Samapta Unit and identify the inhibiting factors and optimization efforts in handling criminal offenses. The study employs an empirical legal research method with a sociological juridical approach and descriptive-analytical research characteristics. Data were collected through interviews, observations, documentation studies, and library research, and were analyzed qualitatively. The findings indicate that the implementation of TPTKP by the Samapta Unit of the Karo Regional Police has generally been effective, particularly in rapid response, crime scene security, and victim protection. However, several obstacles remain, including limited personnel, inadequate supporting facilities, geographical challenges, and insufficient public awareness regarding crime scene preservation. Therefore, strengthening human resources, improving technical training, enhancing inter-unit coordination, and increasing public legal education are necessary to improve professional, humane, and effective criminal law enforcement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rio Leo Irawan Meliala (Author); Mhd. Azhali Siregar, Fitri Rafianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Review of Health Law Based on Law Number 17 of 2023 Civil Law Liability for Negligence of Medical Actions in Independent Practice of Doctors
Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health is the legal foundation and new paradigm in legal protection for patients and the responsibilities of medical personnel in the jurisdiction of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The most important and often prominent aspect is legal liability for negligence in medical actions against patients. Civil legal liability in the form of compensation will be a logical consequence if it is proven that there is malpractice caused by the doctor's mistake or negligence in carrying out his professional obligations. Law Number 17 of 2023 emphasizes the principle of lex specialis for health workers while still recognizing the application of the principle of responsibility based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code (KUHPercivil). Therefore, the legal relationship between doctors and patients is contractual as well as moral, so that any violation of professional standards can be held civilly liable.That the doctor's civil legal liability for negligence in medical action is still based on the elements of negligence, therapeutic legal relations (therapeutic contracts), and the principle of culpa. Law Number 17 of 2023 strengthens the legal protection mechanism for patients through professional standard obligations and reporting of medical incidents, as well as affirms legal protection for doctors while carrying out their profession according to applicable standards.This new regulation seeks to balance patients' right to safe medical services and doctors' right to legal protection in running independent practices. The role of strict regulators in terms of supervision and medical dispute resolution mechanisms will be balanced in legal protection for patients and medical personnel. In the end, it will be in line with its goal, which is to be an effective legal basis in realizing safe, ethical, and responsible medical practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bertha Nora Siregar (Author); Irsyam Risdawati, Henry Aspan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
"Information Technology-Based Innovation in the Detention and Evidence Unit (TAHTI) to Enhance the Quality of Police Services at the Medan Metropolitan Police"
Digital transformation in public service delivery has become one of the primary strategies for improving the effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and accountability of public administration, including within the Indonesian National Police. One of the police units that plays a strategic role in supporting law enforcement is the Detention and Evidence Unit (TAHTI). The management of detainee administration and evidence continues to face various challenges, including complex administrative procedures, inter-unit coordination, and the need for timely and accurate data presentation. These challenges highlight the necessity for information technology-based service innovation. This study aims to analyze the role of information technology-based innovation in TAHTI services in improving the quality of police services at the Medan Metropolitan Police (Polrestabes Medan). The study employs a qualitative approach using a descriptive method through a literature review, document analysis, and an examination of the concepts of public service innovation and digital transformation within the police organization. The analysis is based on the dimensions of service quality, namely tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The findings indicate that the implementation of information technology in TAHTI services has the potential to improve the effectiveness of detainee and evidence administration, accelerate reporting processes, strengthen internal supervision, enhance data security, and facilitate more integrated inter-unit coordination. Furthermore, information technology-based innovation can improve service quality by providing more accurate, transparent, and well-documented information. However, the successful implementation of such innovations depends on the readiness of technological infrastructure, the competence of human resources, the security of information systems, and the organization's commitment to supporting digital transformation. Therefore, the development of information technology-based innovation in TAHTI services represents a strategic approach with the potential to sustainably enhance the quality of police services at the Medan Metropolitan Police.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firdaus Ferdinan Hutapea (Author); T. Riza Zarzani, Henry Aspan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
AI-Based Digital Transformation in Correctional Systems and The Challenges of Inmates’ Rights Protection (A Study at The Youth Correctional Institution of Langkat)
Digital transformation in correctional systems constitutes part of public service modernization aimed at improving administrative efficiency and institutional security. One emerging innovation is the implementation of the Artificial Intelligence–Driven Visitor Management System (AI-VMS) in managing inmate visitation services. Despite its operational benefits, the use of artificial intelligence-based technology raises complex legal issues, particularly concerning the protection of human rights and personal data.This study aims to analyze the legal implications of AI implementation in correctional systems and to examine the challenges in protecting inmates’ rights from a human rights perspective. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, focusing on the Youth Correctional Institution of Langkat.The findings indicate that the implementation of AI-VMS has not yet been supported by comprehensive technical regulations, resulting in potential legal uncertainty, weak accountability, and risks of privacy violations through biometric data processing. Furthermore, reliance on algorithm-based decision-making may lead to disproportionate restrictions on visitation rights, which are not yet balanced by adequate correction mechanisms.This study concludes that digital transformation in correctional systems must be aligned with the principles of legality, proportionality, and human rights protection through regulatory strengthening, effective oversight mechanisms, and a human-centered approach to ensure consistency with the rule of law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frans Octoroy Hamonangan Panjaitan (Author); Mhd. Azhali Siregar, T. Riza Zarzani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Law Enforcement Against the Crime of Murder Motivated by Infidelity
Premeditated murder is a grave offense under criminal law, as it fundamentally deprives an individual of their right to life. Infidelity is a frequent underlying motive for this crime, often triggered by emotional factors such as jealousy, interpersonal conflict, and feelings of hurt. Consequently, this study aims to analyze law enforcement regarding premeditated murder motivated by infidelity and to examine the criminal liability of the perpetrators, supported by case studies. The research employs a normative-juridical method, utilizing both statutory and case-based approaches. The findings confirm that premeditated murder is explicitly regulated under Article 459 of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code; this article stipulates that anyone who intentionally takes another person's life with premeditation is subject to the death penalty, life imprisonment, or a fixed-term prison sentence. This provision indicates that the element of premeditation is a primary indicator of the high degree of the perpetrator's culpability. However, in practice, judges consider various aspects such as the motive, the perpetrator's psychological state, mitigating and aggravating circumstances, and the social impact of the act. Thus, consistency in the application of the law is essential to achieve justice, legal certainty, and legal utility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yohanes Reston N.A Laia (Author); Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar, Sumarno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Legal Protection and Civil Dispute Resolution Efforts Related to Occupational Safety and Health Violations after Law Number 6 of 2023 on Job Creation
Occupational health and safety (OHS) is a fundamental right of workers that attaches to the employment contract and is mandatory in nature. The enactment of Law Number 6 of 2023 on Job Creation, which extends the duration of fixed-term contracts (PKWT) and relaxes outsourcing, has enlarged the population of non-permanent workers vulnerable to OHS violations, while creating uncertainty over the responsible party and the dispute-resolution forum. This study aims to analyse the legal protection and the avenues for resolving private-law disputes arising from OHS violations. It employs normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. The results show that legal protection is realised preventively through the OHS Management System, the establishment of the OHS Committee, labour inspection, and the inclusion of explicit OHS clauses; and repressively through two channels, namely industrial-relations dispute settlement under Law Number 2 of 2004 for claims arising from the employment relationship, and an unlawful-act claim under Article 1365 of the Civil Code before the District Court to reach the user company in outsourcing arrangements. Clarity over forum choice and an affirmation of liability are needed to ensure legal certainty and access to justice for fixed-term and outsourced workers.
Copyright (c) 2026 RR Sasmaya Hati, Siti Nurhayati, Fitri Rafianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Against Corporations in Narcotics Distribution Offenses by the Narcotics Investigation Directorate of the North Sumatra Regional Police
The increasing involvement of corporations in narcotics trafficking indicates a shift from individual criminal acts toward organized and structured criminal networks, posing significant challenges to law enforcement in Indonesia. Although the legal framework, particularly Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, has recognized corporations as subjects of criminal liability, its implementation in practice remains suboptimal. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement against corporations in narcotics offenses handled by the Narcotics Investigation Directorate of the North Sumatra Regional Police (Ditresnarkoba Polda Sumut), and to identify the factors affecting such effectiveness. This study employs a normative juridical approach supported by a conceptual approach through statutory and conceptual frameworks. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources analyzed qualitatively through legal interpretation and deductive reasoning. The findings indicate that law enforcement against corporations has not been optimally implemented, as enforcement practices continue to focus predominantly on individual perpetrators rather than corporate entities. Key obstacles include difficulties in proving corporate culpability, limited institutional capacity, weak inter-agency coordination, and the complexity of organized narcotics networks. Consequently, the deterrent effect of corporate criminal liability remains relatively low. This study recommends strengthening the technical capacity of law enforcement officers, formulating clear operational guidelines, and developing an integrated law enforcement strategy through the follow the money dan multi-door approach. These measures are essential to achieving more effective, consistent, and sustainable law enforcement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erwin Parsaoran Sipayung (Author); T. Riza Zarzani, Mhd. Azhali Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Implementation of Legal Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking as Online Gambling Admins in Law Enforcement Practices in Indonesia
This study examines the application of legal protection for victims of human trafficking who are exploited as online gambling admins in law enforcement practices in Indonesia. The main issue examined is the status of victims who may appear to be involved in online gambling activities, but may substantively be deceived, coerced, threatened, held captive, controlled, or exploited by human trafficking networks. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for victims, their application in the law enforcement process, and the obstacles that arise in distinguishing victims from the main perpetrators. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach, through a review of legal provisions regarding human trafficking, online gambling, witness and victim protection, and restitution for victims of criminal acts. The results of the study indicate that legal protection for victims must be implemented from the stages of investigation, inquiry, prosecution, trial, and post-case recovery. This protection includes victim identification, prevention of criminalization, legal assistance, security protection, identity confidentiality, rehabilitation, restitution, repatriation, and social reintegration. The main obstacles in its implementation include the difficulty of proving exploitation, the dominant criminal approach to online gambling, weak inter-institutional coordination, and the organized and transnational nature of the crime. Therefore, law enforcement needs to adopt a victim-centered approach so that victims of human trafficking are not punished as perpetrators but rather protected as those who have lost their free will due to exploitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Citra Subhan Lubis (Author); Rahmayanti, Suci Ramadani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Law Enforcement Against Minors Committing Traffic Violations Within the Jurisdiction of the Simalungun Resort Police
This study aims to analyze law enforcement regarding traffic violations committed by minors within the jurisdiction of the Simalungun Resort Police (Polres Simalungun) and to identify the obstacles involved in such enforcement. The research employs an empirical juridical method (socio-legal research) utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches, with data analyzed through a descriptive-qualitative method. The findings indicate that traffic violations by minors are frequently encountered within the Simalungun Resort Police's jurisdiction. The police employ a multi-faceted strategy to address these violations: preemptive measures involving public awareness campaigns and guidance sessions at schools—engaging teachers, parents, and community leaders; preventive measures such as patrols and traffic management near schools; and repressive measures involving enforcement operations and the penalizing of violators. Despite these efforts, traffic violations remain common, driven by factors such as limited public transportation in certain areas, significant distances between homes and schools, and the freedom parents grant their children. The study concludes that preventing traffic violations by minors requires the active participation of parents and teachers, local government support in providing and facilitating transportation facilities in specific areas, and firm law enforcement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haris Fadhillah (Author); Fitri Rafianti, Henry Aspan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of the Police in Solving Traffic Accidents Through a Restorative Justice Approach
Traffic accidents are one of the criminal acts that often occur in Indonesia and cause both material and immaterial losses to the parties involved. In law enforcement practice, the resolution of traffic accident cases is not only oriented towards criminalization, but also prioritizes the restoration of relationships between perpetrators, victims, and the community through a restorative justice approach. The police as the front line in the criminal justice system have a strategic role in facilitating fair case resolution, providing protection for victims' rights, and creating legal certainty without ignoring human values. This study aims to analyze the role of the police in resolving traffic accident crimes through a restorative justice approach, identify factors that support and hinder its implementation, and formulate efforts to optimize the application of this approach. The research uses an empirical legal research method with a juridical-sociological approach. Data was obtained through literature studies and field research in the form of interviews with police officers and parties related to the handling of traffic accident cases. The data obtained was analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study show that the police play a role as law enforcers, mediators, facilitators, and supervisors in the process of resolving traffic accident cases through restorative justice. This approach is able to provide a more effective, fast, and just settlement by prioritizing deliberation, peace, recovery of victims' losses, and the restoration of social relations between the parties. However, its implementation still faces various obstacles, including the lack of uniform understanding of the apparatus regarding the concept of restorative justice, limited technical regulations, and low public legal awareness. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations, increase the capacity of police officers, and socialize to the public so that the application of restorative justice in resolving traffic accident crimes can be carried out optimally, providing legal certainty, justice, and benefits for all parties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riyandi Azhari (Author); Mhd. Azhali Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Commitment in Mediating the Effect of Relationship Marketing on Tax Payment Decisions at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office
This study aims to analyze the effect of relationship marketing on tax payment decisions, with taxpayer commitment as an intervening variable, at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. The research sample consisted of 334 respondents selected using probability sampling with the Slovin formula. Data were collected via a questionnaire using a Likert scale and analyzed using Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 3.0. The results indicate that relationship marketing has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer commitment and the decision to pay taxes. Furthermore, taxpayer commitment has a positive and significant effect on the decision to pay taxes. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that commitment significantly mediates the effect of relationship marketing on the decision to pay taxes. The coefficient of determination indicates that relationship marketing explains 15.8 percent of taxpayer commitment, while tax payment decisions are explained by relationship marketing and commitment by 48.5 percent. These findings suggest that strengthening the long-term relationship between tax officials and taxpayers through a relationship marketing approach can enhance commitment, which ultimately encourages an increase in tax payment decisions at the Lubuk Pakam Primary Tax Office.
Copyright (c) 2026 Togi Hamonangan Panjaitan (Author); Elfitra Desy Surya, Kiki Farida Ferine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Employee Engagement in Mediating the Adoption of HR Technology on Employee Performance
This study aims to analyze the role of employee engagement in mediating the effect of human resource technology adoption on employee performance at the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. The development of digital technology in human resource management requires organizations not only to provide technological systems but also to ensure that employees can accept, use, and utilize these technologies optimally. In this study, employee engagement is positioned as an intervening variable that explains the mechanism of the relationship between HR technology adoption and improved employee performance. This study employs a quantitative approach with a population and sample of 115 employees from the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police, selected through saturation sampling. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire with a Likert scale, while data analysis utilized the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the assistance of the SmartPLS software. Model testing was conducted through an outer model evaluation to assess the validity and reliability of the instruments, as well as an inner model evaluation to test the relationships among the research variables. The results indicate that HR technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on employee engagement, with a path coefficient of 0.419, a t-statistic of 7.239, and a p-value of 0.000. HR technology adoption also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a path coefficient of 0.177, a t-statistic of 2.774, and a p-value of 0.006. Furthermore, employee engagement has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a path coefficient of 0.599, a t-statistic of 10.331, and a p-value of 0.000. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that HR technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on employee performance through employee engagement, with a coefficient of 0.251, a t-statistic of 5.617, and a p-value of 0.000.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amelia Pohan (Author); Elfitra Desy Surya, Kiki Farida Ferine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Organizational Commitment in Mediating the Effect of Ethical Leadership on Employee Performance
This study aims to analyze the effect of ethical leadership on employee performance, with organizational commitment as a mediating variable, at the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. The study population consisted of 115 employees, and the entire population was sampled using a saturation sampling technique. Data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS)-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS software. The analysis results indicate that all research indicators met the criteria for validity and reliability. The coefficient of determination (R²) indicates that ethical leadership explains 11.2% of the variation in organizational commitment, while ethical leadership combined with organizational commitment explains 41.7% of the variation in employee performance. Hypothesis testing revealed that ethical leadership has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.211; p < 0.001) as well as on organizational commitment (β = 0.335; p < 0.001). Furthermore, organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.544; p < 0.001). The results of the indirect effect test indicate that organizational commitment positively and significantly mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and employee performance (β = 0.182; p < 0.001). The research findings indicate that the implementation of leadership grounded in ethical values can enhance employees’ organizational commitment, which ultimately leads to improved employee performance. Therefore, strengthening ethical leadership and organizational commitment is a crucial strategy for improving employee performance within the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ikbal Alrasyid (Author); Mesra B, Elfitra Desy Surya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Job Satisfaction in Mediating the Effects of Digital Competence and Work-Life Balance on Employee Performance
This study aims to examine and analyze the role of job satisfaction in mediating the effects of digital competence and work-life balance on employee performance at the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. The study employed a quantitative approach with a population of 115 employees. The sampling technique used was saturation sampling, whereby the entire population was included as the study sample. Primary data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires using a Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that digital competence has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and job satisfaction. Work-life balance also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and job satisfaction. Furthermore, job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that job satisfaction positively and significantly mediates the effects of digital competence and work-life balance on employee performance. The R-squared value for job satisfaction of 0.360 indicates that digital competence and work-life balance explain 36% of job satisfaction, while the remainder is influenced by other variables outside the research model. The R-squared value for employee performance of 0.453 indicates that digital competence, work-life balance, and job satisfaction explain 45.3% of employee performance. The research findings confirm that improving digital competence and work-life balance can enhance employee performance, both directly and through increased job satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jenni Theresia Tampubolon (Author); Kiki Farida Ferine, Erwansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Job Satisfaction in Mediating the Effects of Work Discipline and Organizational Justice on Employee Performance
This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of work discipline and organizational justice on employee performance, with job satisfaction as an intervening variable, at the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. This study employs a quantitative approach. The study population consists of all 115 employees of the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. The sampling technique used was saturation sampling, so that all members of the population were included as the research sample. Primary data were obtained through the distribution of questionnaires using a Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of the SmartPLS 3.0 program. The results of the study indicate that work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and job satisfaction. Organizational justice also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and job satisfaction. Furthermore, job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that job satisfaction positively and significantly mediates the effect of work discipline on employee performance. Job satisfaction also positively and significantly mediates the effect of organizational justice on employee performance. These results indicate that improving work discipline and implementing organizational justice can enhance employee performance both directly and indirectly through increased job satisfaction. Therefore, the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police needs to strengthen compliance with work rules and standards, implement organizational policies fairly and transparently, and create working conditions that enhance employee satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ririn Pebrina Br Marpaung (Author); Kiki Farida Ferine, Mesra B https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Job Satisfaction in Mediating the Effect of Transformational Leadership on Employee Performance
This study aims to analyze the role of job satisfaction in mediating the influence of transformational leadership on employee performance at the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. The study employed a quantitative approach with a population of 115 employees. The sampling technique used was saturation sampling, meaning the entire population was included as the study sample. Research data were collected through the distribution of a questionnaire using a Likert scale and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the assistance of the SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, with a path coefficient of 0.417, a t-statistic of 7.450, and a p-value of 0.000. Transformational leadership has a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance, with a path coefficient of 0.095, a t-statistic of 1.633, and a p-value of 0.103. Job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a path coefficient of 0.649, a t-statistic of 11.708, and a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction, with an indirect effect coefficient of 0.271, a t-statistic of 5.796, and a p-value of 0.000. These findings indicate that job satisfaction acts as a full mediator in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance. Thus, efforts to improve employee performance through the implementation of transformational leadership must be accompanied by efforts to enhance employee job satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rita Nesia Nasution (Author); Elfitra Desy Surya, Husni Muharram Ritonga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Employee Engagement in Mediating the Effect of Talent Management on Employee Performance
This study aims to examine and analyze the role of employee engagement in mediating the effect of talent management on employee performance at the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. The study employed a quantitative approach with a population of 115 employees from the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. A saturation sampling technique was used, meaning the entire population was included as the study sample. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire using a Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that talent management has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a path coefficient of 0.203, a t-statistic of 3.554, and a p-value of 0.000. Talent management also has a positive and significant effect on employee engagement, with a path coefficient of 0.300, a t-statistic of 4.893, and a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, employee engagement has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a path coefficient of 0.562, a t-statistic of 10.568, and a p-value of 0.000. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that employee engagement positively and significantly mediates the effect of talent management on employee performance, with a coefficient of 0.169, a t-statistic of 4.614, and a p-value of 0.000. The R-squared value for employee engagement of 0.090 indicates that talent management explains 9% of the variation in employee engagement, while the R-squared value for employee performance of 0.425 indicates that talent management and employee engagement together explain 42.5% of the variation in employee performance. The research findings confirm that objective, targeted, and sustainable talent management can improve employee performance both directly and indirectly by increasing employee engagement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tanty Anggraeni Sembiring (Author); Erwansyah, Muhammad Isa Indrawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Organizational Commitment in Mediating the Effect of Work Motivation on Employee Performance at the Medan Barat District Office
This study aims to analyze the effect of work motivation on employee performance, the effect of work motivation on organizational commitment, the effect of organizational commitment on employee performance, and the role of organizational commitment in mediating the effect of work motivation on employee performance at the Medan Barat Subdistrict Office. The study employed a quantitative approach with a population of 60 civil servants (ASN). The sampling technique used was saturation sampling, meaning the entire population was included in the study sample. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the assistance of the SmartPLS software. The test results indicate that work motivation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.195; p = 0.004), work motivation has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment (β = 0.405; p = 0.000), and organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.538; p = 0.000). The results of the indirect effect test indicate that organizational commitment positively and significantly mediates the effect of work motivation on employee performance (β = 0.218; p = 0.000). The coefficient of determination (R²) indicates that work motivation explains 16.4% of the variance in organizational commitment, while work motivation and organizational commitment together explain 41.2% of the variance in employee performance. Thus, increasing work motivation followed by strengthening organizational commitment can be an effective strategy for improving employee performance at the Medan Barat Subdistrict Office.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Gustini Wulandari (Author); Muhammad Toyib Daulay, Saimara A. M. Sebayang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Work Engagement in Mediating the Effects of Leadership and Competence on Employee Performance at the Medan Barat District Office
This study aims to examine and analyze the role of work engagement in mediating the effects of leadership and competence on employee performance at the Medan Barat Subdistrict Office. The study employed a quantitative approach with a population of 60 civil servants at the Medan Barat Subdistrict Office. A saturation sampling technique was used, meaning the entire population was included as the study sample. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the assistance of the SmartPLS software. The results indicate that leadership has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and work engagement. Competence also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and work engagement. Furthermore, work engagement has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that work engagement mediates the effect of leadership on employee performance and mediates the effect of competence on employee performance. The R-squared value for work engagement of 0.302 indicates that leadership and competence explain 30.2% of work engagement. Meanwhile, the R-squared value for employee performance of 0.518 indicates that leadership, competence, and job engagement account for 51.8% of the variance in employee performance. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that leadership and competence enhance employee performance, both directly and through job engagement. Job engagement acts as a partial mediator in these relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Fatimah Hia (Author); Yohny Anwar, Sri Rahayu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Employee Engagement in Mediating the Effects of Digital Leadership on Employee Performance
This study aims to analyze the role of employee engagement in mediating the effect of digital leadership on employee performance at the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. This study employs a quantitative approach with a population of 115 employees. The sampling technique used was saturation sampling, meaning the entire population was included as the study sample. The research data consists of primary data collected through the distribution of questionnaires using a Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the assistance of the SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that digital leadership has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a path coefficient of 0.182, a t-statistic of 3.064, and a p-value of 0.002. Digital leadership also has a positive and significant effect on employee engagement, with a coefficient of 0.410, a t-statistic of 8.050, and a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, employee engagement has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a coefficient of 0.563, a t-statistic of 10.287, and a p-value of 0.000. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that employee engagement positively and significantly mediates the effect of digital leadership on employee performance, with a coefficient of 0.231, a t-statistic of 6.462, and a p-value of 0.000. The R-squared value indicates that digital leadership explains 16.8% of employee engagement, while digital leadership and employee engagement together explain 43.5% of employee performance. Thus, enhancing digital leadership to foster employee engagement can drive improved employee performance at the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suryanata Turputra (Author); Mesra B, Kiki Farida Ferine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Organizational Commitment in Mediating the Effects of the Work Environment on Employee Performance
This study aims to analyze the role of organizational commitment in mediating the influence of the work environment on employee performance at the Human Resources Bureau of the North Sumatra Regional Police. The study used a quantitative approach with a population and sample size of 115 employees. The sample was determined using a saturation sampling technique. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the assistance of the SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results showed that the work environment had a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a path coefficient of 0.187, a t-statistic of 3.233, and a p-value of 0.001. The work environment has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment, with a path coefficient of 0.384, a t-statistic of 8.324, and a p-value of 0.000. Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a path coefficient of 0.556, a t-statistic of 9.597, and a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, the work environment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance through organizational commitment, with an indirect effect coefficient of 0.214, a t-statistic of 6.162, and a p-value of 0.000. These results indicate that organizational commitment acts as a partial mediator in the effect of the work environment on employee performance. Therefore, improving employee performance requires both creating a conducive work environment and strengthening employees’ commitment to the organization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Surya Darma Purba (Author); Husni Muharram Ritonga, Hernawaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Transformation of Employment Relationships in the Digital Era: Reconstructing Legal Protection for Freelance Workers within Indonesia's Employment System
The rapid growth of the digital economy has significantly increased the number of freelance and gig workers in Indonesia. However, the national labor law framework remains oriented toward conventional employment relationships and has yet to provide adequate legal certainty regarding the legal status, rights, and protection of freelance workers. This study aims to analyze the transformation of employment relationships within Indonesia's labor law system and examine the urgency of strengthening legal protection for freelance workers in the era of the gig economy. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the existing labor regulations have not accommodated the characteristics of project-based and platform-based employment, resulting in a legal vacuum for freelance workers. Based on Sudikno Mertokusumo's Theory of Legal Certainty, comprehensive regulations are required to provide clear legal status, rights and obligations, social security protection, and effective dispute resolution mechanisms for freelance workers. Therefore, accelerating the enactment of the Gig Workers Protection Bill and strengthening the role of the Department of Industry, Manpower, and Transmigration of East Aceh Regency are strategic measures to ensure legal certainty and fair legal protection for freelance workers in the digital economy era.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agus Kurniawan (Author); Ali Yusran Gea, Tamaulina Br. Sembiring https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimization of Environmental Crimes as a Criminal Law Instrument in Disaster Risk Reduction
Environmental degradation caused by unlawful human activities has increasingly contributed to disaster risks in Indonesia. Environmental crimes such as illegal logging, land burning, illegal mining, and industrial pollution have weakened ecological resilience and intensified floods, landslides, forest fires, and other environmental disasters. This study examines two main issues: the optimization of environmental criminal law as an instrument for disaster risk reduction and the factors hindering effective environmental law enforcement in Indonesia. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches supported by legislation, peer-reviewed journals, official reports, and legal doctrines. The findings reveal that environmental criminal law possesses strategic potential in disaster mitigation through preventive and repressive legal mechanisms, particularly through stricter sanctions, stronger corporate criminal liability, and integrated environmental governance. However, law enforcement remains ineffective due to institutional overlap, limited law enforcement capacity, difficulties in proving environmental crimes, socio-economic pressures, and political influence. The study further finds that vulnerable communities are disproportionately affected by environmental destruction and disasters, requiring a more humanistic and justice-oriented legal approach. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening institutional coordination, enhancing environmental law enforcement capacity, integrating disaster mitigation policies with criminal law enforcement, and promoting community participation and environmental justice to achieve sustainable environmental governance in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agus Adhitama (Author); Fitri Rafianti, Henry Aspan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Application of Restorative Justice to Theft Offenses Under Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code
The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code has introduced a significant shift in Indonesia's criminal justice policy, moving beyond a punitive approach toward a framework that emphasizes the restoration of relationships among offenders, victims, and the community through restorative justice. This study examines the application of restorative justice in cases of theft under Law Number 1 of 2023 and explores the factors that influence its implementation within the Indonesian criminal justice system. This research employs a normative legal research method, incorporating statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches. The analysis relies on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are examined qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical method to assess the legal framework governing restorative justice in theft cases. The findings indicate that Law Number 1 of 2023 provides a stronger legal foundation for the application of restorative justice as an alternative mechanism for resolving criminal cases, particularly theft offenses that satisfy the prescribed legal requirements. Rather than focusing solely on punishment, this approach prioritizes the restoration of victims' losses, encourages offenders to assume responsibility for their actions, and seeks to rebuild social harmony while maintaining the fundamental principles of legal certainty, justice, and public benefit. Nevertheless, its implementation continues to encounter several challenges, including inconsistent interpretations among law enforcement authorities, the absence of comprehensive operational guidelines, and differing views regarding the categories of theft cases eligible for restorative settlement. These findings underscore the need to harmonize the existing regulatory framework and develop clear implementation guidelines to ensure that restorative justice is applied consistently, effectively, and in a manner that guarantees fair legal protection for all parties involved.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sutri Anggita (Author); Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar, Sumarno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Moderating Role of Business Ethics in Strengthening the Effect of Internal Control on Fraud Prevention in the Manufacturing Sector
Fraud in financial management is a significant risk in the manufacturing sector that can undermine the integrity of financial statements and stakeholder trust. This study aims to analyze the moderating role of business ethics in strengthening the effect of internal control on fraud prevention at PT Wahana Interfood Nusantara Tbk. Using a quantitative approach with Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) method, data were collected through questionnaires from 50 respondents involved in finance, accounting, and operational functions. The results show that internal control and business ethics have a positive and significant effect on fraud prevention. The main finding proves that business ethics moderates the effect of internal control on fraud prevention with t-statistic value of 2.201 and p-value of 0.028. This suggests that the effectiveness of internal control is not only determined by formal systems but also depends on the ethical values and integrity of employees. This research contributes to the development of agency theory and fraud prevention practices in the manufacturing sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Evan Tamaro Arianda (Author); Nina Andriany Nasution https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of the BMKG Regional Office in North Sumatra's Decision Support System for Movable Asset Selection
The management of movable assets in government agencies requires an appropriate, objective, and measurable decision-making process to support the operational effectiveness of the organization. At the North Sumatra Regional BMKG Office, the selection of movable assets often faces obstacles due to the many alternative assets and various valuation criteria that must be considered simultaneously. This study aims to design and implement a Decision Support System in the selection of movable assets using the Analytical Hierarchy Process or AHP algorithm. The AHP method is used because it is able to break down complex decision problems into a hierarchical structure, determine the weight of each criterion, and generate alternative priorities based on paired comparisons. The stages of the research include problem identification, determination of criteria and alternatives, preparation of pairwise comparison matrices, priority weight calculation, consistency test, and ranking of asset alternatives. The research results show that the application of the AHP method can provide recommendations for the selection of movable assets in a systematic, transparent, and rational manner according to the importance level of each criterion. The system that has been built also helps leaders or asset managers in speeding up the selection process and minimizing subjectivity in decision-making. Thus, the AHP-based Decision Support System can be an effective solution to support the selection of movable assets at the BMKG Regional Office in North Sumatra.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamhari (Author); Muhammad Amin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reconstruction of Electronic Evidence in Cyber Fraud Criminal Offenses in Indonesia
The rapid advancement of digital technology has fundamentally transformed the pattern of criminal activity in Indonesia, particularly in the form of cyber fraud. Electronic transactions, digital communication systems, and internet-based financial activities have introduced new challenges to criminal law enforcement, especially concerning the validity and evidentiary weight of electronic evidence. This study aims to analyze the weaknesses of the current electronic evidence system in cyber fraud cases and to formulate a legal reconstruction model capable of strengthening the evidentiary mechanism within Indonesia's criminal justice system. This study employs a normative legal research method utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials consist of legislative regulations, court decisions, academic journals, and legal doctrines pertaining to electronic evidence and cybercrime. The findings indicate that the existing evidentiary framework remains fragmented, overlapping, and insufficiently adaptive to technological developments. In practice, investigators, prosecutors, and judges frequently encounter difficulties in establishing the authenticity, integrity, and admissibility of electronic evidence. This study further reveals that limited digital forensic capacity and the absence of comprehensive procedural standards contribute to legal uncertainty in the adjudication of cyber fraud cases. Accordingly, legal reconstruction is necessary through the harmonization of procedural law, the strengthening of digital forensic institutions, the standardization of electronic evidence verification, and the modernization of criminal procedure law in a manner responsive to technological progress. Such reconstruction is expected to bring about a more effective, equitable, and legally certain criminal justice system in the handling of cyber fraud offenses in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Ihsan (Author); Mhd. Azhali Siregar, T. Riza Zarzani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Safety Awareness in Mediating the Effect of Leadership on Operational Safety at PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Regional Division I North Sumatra
This study aims to identify and analyze the role of safety awareness in mediating the influence of leadership on operational safety at PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Regional Division I, North Sumatra. This study is motivated by the importance of operational safety in railway activities, which involve human resources, facilities, infrastructure, procedures, and safety management systems. Leadership is a key factor in promoting safe work behavior, while safety awareness plays a role in fostering employees’ ability to recognize potential hazards, understand risks, and take preventive actions. This study employs a quantitative approach. The population consists of 609 employees in the operational units of PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Regional Division I, North Sumatra. The sample comprises 86 respondents, determined using the Slovin formula. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, and data were collected through the distribution of a questionnaire using a Likert scale. The data analysis technique used was Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of the SmartPLS 3.0 program. The results of the study indicate that leadership has a positive and significant effect on operational safety, with a coefficient value of 0.239, a t-statistic value of 3.509, and a p-value of 0.000. Leadership also has a positive and significant effect on safety awareness, with a coefficient of 0.363, a t-statistic of 5.977, and a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, safety awareness has a positive and significant effect on operational safety, with a coefficient of 0.364, a t-statistic of 4.556, and a p-value of 0.000. The results of the indirect effect test indicate that safety awareness mediates the effect of leadership on operational safety, with a coefficient of 0.132, a t-statistic of 3.607, and a p-value of 0.000.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibnu Ikhlas Sirait (Author); Muhammad Toyib Daulay, Kholilul Kholik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Transformation of Public Information Governance through the Gampong Information System (SIGAP) in East Aceh Regency
Public information disclosure has evolved from merely fulfilling citizens' rights to access information into a system-based model of digital information governance. This development is reflected in various regulations promoting governmental digitalization, including Village Information Systems and Electronic-Based Government Systems (SPBE). This study aims to analyze the transformation of public information governance through the Gampong Information System (SIGAP) in East Aceh Regency and to identify challenges in its implementation. The research employs an empirical legal method with a socio-juridical approach. Data were collected through literature studies, observations, and analysis of regulations related to public information disclosure and village governance. The findings indicate that SIGAP has become an important instrument in supporting the digitalization of gampong governance through information dissemination, data management, and technology-based public services. However, its implementation has not yet been fully optimized due to limited human resource capacity, low digital literacy among gampong officials, and the incomplete fulfillment of information and service components mandated by Aceh Governor Regulation Number 33 of 2021. Strengthening institutional capacity, standardizing SIGAP management, and enhancing supervision are necessary to establish effective and adaptive public information governance in the digital era
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainal Abidin (Author); Ali Yusran Gea, Tamaulina Br. Sembiring https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Employee Engagement in Mediating the Effects of Organizational Change on Employee Performance
This study aims to analyze the influence of organizational change and employee resilience on employee performance through employee engagement as an intervening variable at the North Sumatra Regional Police Supervisory Inspectorate. Organizational change is a key factor in enhancing employees’ ability to adapt to the demands of bureaucratic reform, while employee resilience plays a role in maintaining work effectiveness under stressful and changing conditions. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. The study population and sample consist of 98 employees of the North Sumatra Regional Police Supervisory Inspectorate, selected using saturation sampling. Data were collected via a questionnaire using a Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of the SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that organizational change has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a t-statistic of 2.319 and a p-value of 0.021. Organizational change also has a positive and significant effect on employee engagement, with a t-statistic of 7.663 and a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, employee resilience was found to have a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a t-statistic of 6.197 and a p-value of 0.000, as well as a positive and significant effect on employee engagement, with a t-statistic of 8.404 and a p-value of 0.000. Employee engagement also had a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with a t-statistic of 10.599 and a p-value of 0.000. Mediation analysis revealed that employee engagement mediates the effect of organizational change on employee performance, with a t-statistic of 4.052 and a p-value of 0.000, and mediates the effect of employee resilience on employee performance, with a t-statistic of 5.968 and a p-value of 0.000. This study shows that improvements in employee performance are influenced not only by organizational structural factors but also by employees’ psychological aspects through work engagement. Therefore, organizations need to strengthen their change strategies, build employee resilience, and create a work environment that can sustainably enhance employee engagement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Susy Elfrida Siregar (Author); Husni Muharram Ritonga, Mesra B https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Information Technology Service Governance in Higher Education Using the ITIL 4 Framework
The rapid advancement of digital transformation has increased the dependence of higher education institutions on information technology (IT) services to support academic, administrative, and institutional operations. Ensuring the quality, reliability, and efficiency of these services requires effective IT service governance aligned with internationally recognized best practices. This study aims to evaluate IT service governance in a higher education institution using the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) 4 framework. The evaluation focuses on identifying the current condition of IT service management practices, assessing their alignment with ITIL 4 guiding principles and service value system, and determining areas requiring improvement. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach through interviews, observations, document analysis, and questionnaires involving stakeholders responsible for IT services. The collected data are analyzed by mapping existing IT service management processes to relevant ITIL 4 practices, including Incident Management, Service Request Management, Change Enablement, Service Level Management, and Continual Improvement. The evaluation results provide a comprehensive overview of the strengths and weaknesses of current IT service governance and reveal several gaps related to service standardization, performance monitoring, documentation, and continuous improvement. Based on these findings, strategic recommendations are proposed to strengthen governance practices, improve service quality, enhance operational efficiency, and support sustainable digital transformation within the institution. The study demonstrates that implementing the ITIL 4 framework as an evaluation model enables higher education institutions to systematically assess IT service governance maturity and establish a structured roadmap for improving IT service management. The findings contribute to the development of effective IT governance practices that support institutional performance, stakeholder satisfaction, and long-term organizational sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maimuddin Noor (Author); Muhammad Syahputra Novelan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Police Discretion by Personnel of the Samapta Directorate in Handling Public Order and Security Disturbances in the Perspective of Law Number 2 of 2002
Police discretion constitutes an authority inherent in every police officer in taking action based on situational assessments in the field. This study aims to analyze the exercise of discretion by personnel of the Indonesian National Police (Polri) Samapta Directorate in handling public order and security (Kamtibmas) disturbances, as well as to formulate an optimal framework capable of ensuring legal certainty and the protection of human rights. The method employed is normative legal research, utilizing a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. Primary legal materials include Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia, relevant implementing regulations, and pertinent jurisprudence. The findings indicate that the exercise of discretion by Samapta personnel is still characterized by inconsistent standards of field action, a lack of measurable technical guidelines, and weak internal oversight mechanisms. These conditions create gaps for the abuse of authority that potentially violate human rights. This study recommends the establishment of a structured Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for discretion, the strengthening of ethics and legal training for Samapta personnel, and the optimization of internal and external accountability mechanisms. The conclusion of this study affirms that effective discretion requires a clear legal foundation, adequate personnel competence, and consistent supervision in order to achieve equitable law enforcement..
Copyright (c) 2026 Rohasiholan Doloksaribu (Author); Ismaidar, Sumarno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Criminal Liability of Perpetrators of Traffic Accidents Resulting in Fatalities Within the Indonesian Criminal Justice System (A Study at Polrestabes Medan)
Traffic accidents resulting in fatalities remain one of the most serious legal and social issues in Indonesia. The increasing number of motor vehicle users, weak public legal awareness, and inconsistent law enforcement have contributed to the high mortality rate caused by road traffic accidents. This study aims to analyze criminal liability for perpetrators of traffic accidents causing death within the Indonesian criminal justice system and to examine the implementation of law enforcement by the Medan City Police Department (Polrestabes Medan). This research employs normative juridical methods supported by conceptual, statutory, and case approaches. Legal materials were obtained from legislation, court decisions, scientific journals, books, and relevant legal doctrines. The findings indicate that criminal liability for fatal traffic accidents is not solely based on the existence of negligence, but also influenced by evidentiary mechanisms, investigative discretion, restorative justice practices, and the legal culture of society. In practice, law enforcement at Polrestabes Medan still encounters several obstacles, including limited evidence, the tendency toward informal settlements, and difficulties in proving criminal negligence. The study further reveals that the implementation of restorative justice in traffic accident cases requires clearer limitations to ensure legal certainty and justice for victims’ families. Therefore, strengthening legal substance, improving law enforcement professionalism, and enhancing public legal awareness are essential to establish a more accountable and humane criminal justice system in traffic accident cases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pratiwi Mandasari (Author); Henry Aspan, T. Riza Zarzani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of Propam's Internal Oversight Mechanism in Ensuring Criminal Law Enforcement Accountability Among Members of the Indonesian National Police (A Study at the North Sumatra Regional Police)
Internal oversight of law enforcement institutions is a fundamental pillar of democratic governance. This study examines the effectiveness of the Professional and Security Division (Propam) as an internal oversight mechanism within the Indonesian National Police (Polri), with a particular focus on the North Sumatra Regional Police. The research employs a normative legal methodology, incorporating statute, conceptual, and case-based approaches, with primary legal materials drawn from legislation, police regulations, and court decisions relevant to police disciplinary enforcement. The findings reveal that while the normative framework governing Propam's authority is relatively comprehensive anchored in Law No. 2 of 2002 on Polri and Government Regulation No. 2 of 2003 on Police Discipline its practical implementation faces significant constraints. These include a culture of institutional protectionism, limited independence of oversight panels, inadequate transparency in disciplinary proceedings, and an imbalance between internal and external accountability mechanisms. The study concludes that the current Propam oversight model requires structural reform, including stronger integration with external oversight institutions such as Komnas HAM and Ombudsman RI, as well as a paradigm shift toward human rights-based policing. Recommendations are directed at legislative reform and institutional restructuring to enhance both procedural and substantive accountability within Polri's law enforcement conduct.
Copyright (c) 2026 Trilestaria Simbolon (Author); Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar, Rahmayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of the Brimob Unit of the North Sumatra Regional Police in Suppressing Anarchic Actions During Public Expression of Opinion Under Law Number 9 of 1998
This study aims to analyze the role of the Mobile Brigade Unit (Brimob) of the North Sumatra Regional Police in law enforcement against individuals who engage in anarchic acts during public expression of opinion, as examined under the provisions of Law Number 9 of 1998. Freedom of expression constitutes a constitutional right of every citizen guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; however, its exercise must remain attentive to public order, security, and the rights of others. In practice, demonstrations frequently escalate into anarchic acts that potentially disrupt security stability and cause material and immaterial harm to the public and the state. The research method employed is normative legal research supported by empirical data, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and empirical approaches. Data sources were obtained through library research on legislation, legal literature, and field data relating to the execution of duties by the Mobile Brigade Corps of the Indonesian National Police within the jurisdiction of the North Sumatra Regional Police. The findings indicate that the Brimob Unit of the North Sumatra Regional Police holds a strategic role as a special operational element of the police force, particularly in the suppression of mass riots, crowd control, and the restoration of public security and order. In carrying out its duties, Brimob adheres to the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, accountability, and respect for human rights. Enforcement actions against anarchic crowds are carried out in stages through preventive, persuasive, and repressive measures in accordance with applicable standard operating procedures. Obstacles encountered include limited personnel, inadequate infrastructure, mass provocation, dissemination of hoax information, and low levels of legal awareness among the public. It is recommended that personnel professionalism be enhanced, equipment modernized, inter-agency coordination strengthened, and legal education provided to the public so that the expression of opinion may proceed in an orderly and peaceful manner.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afrildhon Pasaribu (Author); Fitri Rafianti, T. Riza Zarzani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Monetary Determinants of the Green Economy in Indonesia: Empirical Evidence for the Period 2015–2025
Green Economy is a sustainable development strategy that aims to create economic growth while maintaining environmental sustainability. The success of Green Economy implementation is influenced not only by environmental policies, but also by macroeconomic stability, particularly through monetary policy instruments. This study aims to analyze the influence of benchmark interest rates, inflation, exchange rates, and the money supply on the Green Economy in Indonesia. The study uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis methods. The data used are annual secondary data for the period 2015–2025 obtained from Bank Indonesia (BI), the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and other official sources. The results of the study indicate that partially only the exchange rate has a negative and significant effect on the Green Economy , while the benchmark interest rate, inflation, and the money supply have no significant effect. Simultaneously, these four variables do not have a significant effect on the Green Economy in Indonesia. The research findings indicate that the development of the Green Economy in Indonesia is not entirely influenced by monetary factors, but is also influenced by other factors such as government policies, green investment, technological innovation, and sustainable financing. Therefore, synergy between monetary policy and sustainable development policies is needed to accelerate the transition to a Green Economy in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Rahayu Sirait (Author); Lia Nazliana Nasution https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Development of Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) Transactions and Their Implications for Banking Third-Party Funds in North Sumatra Province, 2019–2025
The rapid expansion of digital payment systems has become one of the main drivers of financial sector transformation and digital economic development in Indonesia. The implementation of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) by Bank Indonesia represents a strategic initiative to create an interoperable, efficient, and inclusive national payment system. This study aims to analyze the development of the QRIS ecosystem and examine its implications for banking Third-Party Funds (TPF) in North Sumatra Province during the period 2019–2025. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed using secondary data obtained from Bank Indonesia, the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and Statistics Indonesia (BPS). The analysis utilized descriptive statistics, trend analysis, Annual Growth Rate (AGR), Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), and policy analysis to evaluate the development of QRIS transactions and banking deposits.The findings indicate that the QRIS ecosystem expanded significantly throughout the observation period. QRIS transaction values increased from IDR 0.095 trillion in 2019 to IDR 40.36 trillion in 2025, while the number of merchants and users also experienced substantial growth, reflecting rapid adoption of digital payment technology. During the same period, banking Third-Party Funds increased steadily from IDR 235.30 trillion to IDR 338.40 trillion, indicating sustained banking intermediation amid digital transformation. CAGR analysis shows that QRIS transactions recorded an average annual growth of approximately 154.0%, substantially higher than the 6.25% CAGR of Third-Party Funds. Although the descriptive analysis does not establish a causal relationship, the parallel upward trends suggest that the expansion of the QRIS ecosystem has occurred alongside continued growth in banking deposits. These findings support Digital Finance Theory and Financial Intermediation Theory, highlighting that digital payment innovation can complement banking activities by increasing transaction intensity and strengthening financial inclusion. This study contributes to the literature on digital payment systems by providing regional empirical evidence from North Sumatra and offers practical insights for Bank Indonesia, OJK, commercial banks, and regional governments in strengthening digital payment infrastructure, promoting financial inclusion, and supporting sustainable digital economic development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farida Ariani (Author); Rusiadi, Lia Nazliana Nasution, Santhos Frananda, Elizabeth Kurniasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This study aims to analyze the influence of the work environment and organizational culture on organizational commitment, with job stress serving as a mediating variable at the BPJS Employment Regional Office of Northern Sumatra. The study was motivated by the relatively low level of organizational commitment indicated by the pre-survey results, as well as less-than-optimal work environment and organizational culture conditions accompanied by high levels of employee job stress. This research employed a quantitative approach with an associative research design. The study population consisted of 75 employees from the BPJS Employment Regional Office of Northern Sumatra, BPJS Employment Medan Utara Branch Office, and BPJS Employment Binjai Branch Office. A saturated sampling technique was applied, whereby all members of the population were included as research respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with SmartPLS software. The results indicate that organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment and a negative and significant effect on job stress. The work environment has a negative and significant effect on job stress but does not have a significant direct effect on organizational commitment. Furthermore, job stress has a negative and significant effect on organizational commitment. The indirect effect analysis demonstrates that job stress significantly mediates the relationship between organizational culture and organizational commitment, as well as the relationship between the work environment and organizational commitment. These findings suggest that improving organizational commitment depends not only on fostering a strong organizational culture and a supportive work environment but also on the organization's ability to effectively manage employees' job stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rianda Mauli Siregar, Erwansyah, Mesra B https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect of Leadership, Motivation, and Work Environment on Employee Performance with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable at the Center for Teachers and Education Personnel (BBGTK) of North Sumatra
This study aims to analyze the effects of leadership, work motivation, and work environment on employee performance, with job satisfaction serving as an intervening variable at the Center for Teachers and Education Personnel (BBGTK) of North Sumatra. The study involved 77 Civil Servants (ASN) selected using a saturated sampling technique. A quantitative approach was employed, and the data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0. The results revealed that leadership, work motivation, and work environment had positive and significant effects on employee performance, with path coefficients of 0.358, 0.265, and 0.267, respectively. Leadership, work motivation, and work environment also positively influenced job satisfaction, while job satisfaction had a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.171; p = 0.005). Leadership emerged as the strongest predictor of both employee performance and job satisfaction. The mediation analysis further indicated that job satisfaction transmitted the effects of leadership, work motivation, and work environment on employee performance. The structural model explained 67.9% of the variance in job satisfaction and 92.9% of the variance in employee performance. Overall, the findings highlight that improving employee performance at BBGTK North Sumatra requires an integrated approach centered on effective leadership, supported by strong work motivation, a conducive work environment, and increased job satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alif Lailasari Saragih (Author); Kholilul Kholik, Yohny Anwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effective Implementation of Assimilation and Integration Programs for Correctional Inmates (WBP) in Reducing Prison Overcapacity
Overcapacity in correctional institutions (lapas) and state detention centers (rutan) in Indonesia constitutes a structural problem that has not been fully resolved. This condition has serious implications for the quality of correctional rehabilitation for inmates (WBP), the fulfillment of prisoners' human rights, and security stability within correctional facilities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of assimilation and integration programs for WBP based on their mechanisms, stages, and applicable statutory provisions, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing overcapacity in correctional facilities and detention centers. The research employed a normative juridical method using a statute approach and a conceptual approach, supplemented by field research at the Class III Langkat Youth Correctional Institution. Data were collected through library research, observation, and interviews with correctional officers and WBP. The findings indicate that the assimilation and integration programs regulated under Law Number 22 of 2022 on Corrections and Ministerial Regulation Number 7 of 2022 have been implemented through a staged mechanism encompassing inmate data registration, deliberation by the Correctional Observer Team (TPP), and supervision by the Community Correctional Center (Bapas). The programs have proven capable of significantly reducing prison occupancy rates and facilitating the social reintegration of WBP. However, their implementation continues to face challenges, including limited supervisory human resources, social stigma, and weak inter-agency coordination. This study concludes that the assimilation and integration programs constitute a strategic and constitutional solution for addressing prison overcapacity, provided they are implemented selectively, measurably, and sustainably.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dzikril Hakim Siregar (Author); Fitri Rafianti, T. Riza Zarzani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This study aims to analyze the effect of organizational climate and work environment on employee performance with work quality as an intervening variable at BPJS Employment Aceh. The population of this study consisted of all 99 employees of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Aceh. The sampling technique used was saturated sampling, in which the entire population was used as the research sample. This study employed a quantitative approach with data collected through questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results indicate that organizational climate and work environment have a positive and significant effect on employee performance and work quality. In addition, work quality has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and is able to mediate the influence of organizational climate and work environment on employee performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that improving a conducive organizational climate and work environment, accompanied by high work quality, can enhance employee performance at BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Aceh
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriela Zahasyah Nagara Putri (Author); Husni Muharram Ritonga, Kiki Farida Ferine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Can Green Monetary Policy Drive Sustainable Growth? An SVAR Analysis of Bank Indonesia’s Green Policy Instruments
This study evaluates the effectiveness of Green Monetary Policy (GMP) in influencing Indonesia's macro-financial dynamics to support sustainable growth. Using quarterly data from 2012Q1 to 2024Q4, this study models the transmission channels through a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) approach. The identification strategy utilized is a hybrid method incorporating sign restrictions and an external instrument-based proxy variable to accurately isolate structural shocks. Impulse response results indicate that a positive shock to green credit persistently increases the output gap and credit distribution, while inflationary pressures (greenflation) remain contained and transitory. Furthermore, financial system stability (FSI) is shown to improve over the medium horizon due to the banking portfolio shifting towards low-carbon assets. In conclusion, a well-calibrated GMP can spur green economic growth without compromising the central bank's mandate for price stability. These findings imply the importance of strengthening targeted instruments, such as the Green Refinancing Window (GRW) and climate-adjusted collateral frameworks, within Bank Indonesia's macroprudential and monetary operations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elizabeth Kurniasih Christina (Author); Rusiadi, Lia Nazliana Nasution, Farida Ariani, Santhos Frananda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Leadership, Work Team, Discipline and Work Motivation on Employee Performance with Employee Engagement as a Moderation Variable at PT TTON Dasa Jaya Abadi
The construction services industry in Indonesia continues to experience rapid growth in line with the intensive development of national infrastructure, both initiated by the government and the private sector. This condition encourages the birth of more and more contracting companies that compete with each other for projects, so that only companies with superior human resource performance are able to survive and win the competition in the midst of strict demands on quality, time, and project cost efficiency. Improving employee performance is the main key for contracting companies to maintain client trust, meet project completion targets on time, and maintain business continuity in the midst of increasingly competitive construction industry competition. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The population as well as the research sample is all employees of PT TTON Dasa Jaya Abadi totaling 55 people, with saturated sampling techniques (census). Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method. The results of the study show that work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and teamwork has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Meanwhile, leadership, work motivation, and employee engagement do not have a significant effect on employee performance. In addition, employee engagement is also unable to moderate the influence of work discipline, leadership, work motivation, and teamwork on employee performance. The research model has strong explanatory abilities with an R² value of 0.713 and a Q² of 0.402, which shows that the model is able to explain and predict employee performance well. This study concludes that work discipline and teamwork are the most determinant factors in improving employee performance in contracting companies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Windi Aulia (Author); M. Chaerul Rizky, Yohny Anwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of Adequacy and Reliability of SPAM Infrastructure based on Water Demand Projections in Simalungun Regency
The availability of adequate clean water is one of the basic needs of the community and an important indicator of the quality of public services. This study aims to analyze the adequacy and reliability of the SPAM system in Simalungun Regency based on infrastructure capacity and projected future water needs. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with primary data obtained through in-depth interviews with SPAM managers, local government officials, and service user communities, as well as secondary data from official documents and related technical reports. The results of the study show that the current capacity of SPAM is nominally able to meet the clean water needs of people in urban areas, but there is a gap in services in some rural areas and new settlements. The level of system reliability is influenced by supply continuity, distribution efficiency, and water source reserves, where network leakage and uneven distribution are the main obstacles. Other factors that affect include water source capacity, distribution infrastructure conditions, operational management, as well as population growth and water demand patterns. Based on these findings, a sustainable SPAM development strategy is needed, including increasing water source capacity, expanding and improving distribution networks, strengthening operational management, planning based on projected needs, and community involvement in water management. The implementation of this strategy is expected to increase the adequacy, reliability, and sustainability of SPAM services in Simalungun Regency, both now and in the future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mhd. Ali Damanik, Feby Milanie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development of Transportation Systems at the Simalungun Regency Transportation Office
This study aims to analyze the condition of road infrastructure and transportation systems in Simalungun Regency, identify transportation management constraints, and formulate strategies for developing integrated and sustainable transportation systems. The research approach used is qualitative, with data collection through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation. The research informants consisted of officials of the Transportation Agency, public transportation operators, and the road user community. The results of the study show that the condition of the roads in Simalungun Regency is still inadequate, with almost half of the roads damaged or in need of repair. Obstacles to transportation management include limited budget and human resources, coordination between agencies that are not optimal, low integration of transportation systems, and road user behavior that is not always orderly. The impact of this condition can be seen in the disruption of community mobility, slow distribution of goods, and restrained local economic growth. The recommended transportation development strategies include the rehabilitation and construction of priority roads, improvement of public transportation services, integration of technology-based transportation systems, and the active involvement of the community and the private sector. The implementation of this strategy is expected to be able to improve mobility, efficiency of goods distribution, security, comfort, and support sustainable economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anton Sahala Tua Banjarnahor, Abdiyanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Line Between Breach of Contract and the Criminal Offense of Embezzlement in the Management of Sales Proceeds by Sales Representatives
The practice of sales representatives failing to remit sales proceeds to the company has become a legal issue that often sparks debate: does this constitute a breach of contract under civil law, or is it a criminal act of embezzlement as defined in Article 374 of the Criminal Code (KUHP)? This study aims to examine the legal parameters that distinguish these two legal categories and to analyze the application of the principle of criminal liability to salespeople who withhold the company’s sales proceeds. The method used is normative legal research employing a statutory, conceptual, and case-based approach. Legal materials were obtained from legislation, court decisions, peer-reviewed legal journals, and selected academic literature. The results of the study indicate that the primary distinction between breach of contract and embezzlement lies in the presence or absence of the element of criminal intent (mens rea) specifically, the intent to unlawfully appropriate property (opzet tot wederrechtelijke toe-eigening) a relationship of trust (vertrouwensrelatie), and the moment of transfer of control over the property. Furthermore, the criminal liability of sales representatives must be based on proof of subjective fault that satisfies the elements of an official misconduct offense under Article 374 of the Criminal Code, not merely on proving a failure to deposit funds. This study concludes that accurately determining the legal classification of a sales representative’s actions requires an in-depth analysis of the legal facts, thereby preventing the criminalization of what are essentially civil relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aswindari Harahap, Ismaidar, Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Consequences of the Law on the Right of Child Care and Inheritance in the Divorce of Parents due to Religious Differences
Interfaith divorce in Indonesia raises various legal issues, particularly regarding child custody and inheritance rights, due to differences in legal arrangements among statutory law, Islamic law, and judicial practice. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of divorce caused by religious differences concerning child custody and inheritance rights within the Indonesian legal system. The research employs a normative juridical method using a statutory, conceptual, and case approach. Primary legal materials consist of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage as amended by Law Number 16 of 2019, the Compilation of Islamic Law, the Civil Code, and relevant court decisions, while secondary legal materials include books, scientific journals, and legal doctrines. The findings indicate that the determination of child custody is primarily based on the principle of the best interests of the child, regardless of the parents' religious differences. In contrast, inheritance rights in interfaith families remain legally contentious because Indonesian law recognizes different inheritance systems, resulting in legal uncertainty. Judicial decisions have demonstrated progressive legal reasoning through the recognition of mandatory wills (wasiat wajibah) in certain cases to ensure justice and legal protection. This study concludes that harmonization of regulations and consistency in judicial interpretation are necessary to provide legal certainty, justice, and protection for children and heirs in interfaith divorce cases in Indonesia. The findings contribute to the development of family law and may serve as a reference for future legal reform.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ananda Muhammad Imam, Henry Aspan, T. Riza Zarzani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Performance Optimization through Teamwork
This study aims to analyze the influence of Work Culture, Moral Values (Moral Values (Akhlak)), and Leadership on Employee Performance mediated by Organizational Commitment at the Regional Office of Human Rights of North Sumatra (Working Area of North Sumatra and Riau Islands). The issue addressed in this study is the importance of improving employee performance, which is influenced by work culture, moral values, leadership, and organizational commitment. This research employed a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design. The population consisted of all employees of the Regional Office of Human Rights of North Sumatra (Working Area of North Sumatra and Riau Islands). Data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) method with the assistance of SmartPLS software. The results indicate that Moral Values (Moral Values (Akhlak)) have a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance, with a path coefficient of 0.338, a T-statistic of 3.105, and a P-value of 0.001. Work Culture does not have a significant effect on Employee Performance, with a path coefficient of -0.009, a T-statistic of 0.057, and a P-value of 0.477. The indirect effect analysis shows that Organizational Commitment is unable to mediate the effect of Moral Values (Moral Values (Akhlak)) on Employee Performance (coefficient = 0.022; T-statistic = 0.688; P-value = 0.246), unable to mediate the effect of Work Culture on Employee Performance (coefficient = 0.127; T-statistic = 1.532; P-value = 0.063), and unable to mediate the effect of Leadership on Employee Performance (coefficient = 0.056; T-statistic = 1.347; P-value = 0.089). Therefore, the effects of Moral Values (Moral Values (Akhlak)) and Leadership on Employee Performance occur predominantly through direct relationships, while Work Culture plays a more important role in enhancing Organizational Commitment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nidia Apriani, Elfitra Desy, Mesra B https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriel Butar Butar (Author); Husni Muharram Ritonga, Kiki Farida Ferine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect of Competence on Employee Performance at PT Permodalan Nasional Madani Medan Branch
This study aims to analyze the effect of competence on employee performance at PT Permodalan Nasional Madani (PNM) Medan Branch. Competence is considered an important factor in improving employee performance because it reflects employees’ knowledge, skills, and work attitudes in carrying out their responsibilities effectively. This study used a quantitative approach with an associative research design. The population consisted of all employees of PT Permodalan Nasional Madani Medan Branch, totaling 50 employees. The sampling technique used was saturated sampling, in which all employees were selected as research respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires using a Likert scale and analyzed using simple linear regression with Jamovi statistical software. The results showed that competence has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The regression analysis indicated that competence significantly improves employee productivity, work quality, and effectiveness in completing tasks. The t-test results showed a significance value lower than 0.05, indicating that the proposed hypothesis was accepted. The findings of this study indicate that improving employee competence through training and skill development programs is important in supporting organizational performance. Therefore, organizations are expected to continuously develop employee competencies in order to maintain and improve employee performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Munanda (Author); Mesra B, Elfitra Desy Surya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of Pruning Seedling Leaves 21 Days After Sowing on the Growth of Rice Plants (Oryza Sativa L.)
This study aims to determine the effect of leaf pruning on the growth of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) on irrigated rice fields. The study was carried out in Kampung Lalang Village, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency, in July–September 2025 using a non-factorial Group Random Design (RAK) with three treatments and nine replicates, namely: P0 (without pruning), P1 (pruning 5 cm from rice shoots), and P2 (pruning 10 cm from rice shoots). The observed parameters were plant height and number of seedlings. The results of the study showed that the pruning treatment did not affect the growth parameters. At the observation of week 7, the height parameters of the plants did not differ significantly between treatments, with an average of 94.33 cm (P0), 95.06 cm (P1), and 94.94 cm (P2). The highest number of saplings was obtained in the P2 treatment with an average of 8.78 saplings per clump, indicating that pruning is able to stimulate lateral shoot growth through increased cytokinin hormone activity. P2 treatment improves the formation of chicks. Thus, the treatment of pruning 10 cm leaves from rice shoots can be recommended as an agronomic technique to stimulate vegetative growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Heru Wahyudi (Author); Hanifah Mutia Z.N.A, Desi S.P.S. Sembiring https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reformulating Sentencing Regulations For Recidivism: A Perspective Comparing The Old And New Criminal Codes
Recidivism is a persistent issue within the Indonesian criminal justice system, reflecting the continued commission of repeat offenses by offenders. The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) has introduced changes to the sentencing regulations for recidivism as part of the national criminal law reform. This study aims to analyze the reformulation of recidivism sentencing regulations from the perspectives of both the Old Criminal Code and the New Criminal Code, and to formulate an ideal model for this reformulation. The study employs a normative legal research method, utilizing both statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the regulation of recidivism in the Old Criminal Code focused on sentence enhancement based on formal criteria, whereas the New Criminal Code prioritizes sentencing objectives, proportionality, and the individualization of punishment. This study proposes a reformulation model involving the refinement of recidivism criteria, the development of sentencing guidelines for judges, the strengthening of integrated criminal data administration systems, and the optimization of rehabilitation and social reintegration. This model is expected to foster a sentencing system that is fairer, more proportional, and effective in reducing recidivism rates in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim (Author); Mhd Azhali Siregar, Rahmayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0