Design and Construction of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Machines Based on Microcontrollers

Abstract

The development of technology in the manufacturing sector has driven innovation in the development of microcontroller-based CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines. This study aims to design and build a CNC machine with an Arduino Uno microcontroller that is capable of carrying out the engraving process on materials with a high level of precision. This machine uses components such as stepper motors, limit switches, and motor drivers to drive the X, Y, and Z axes. The design process includes hardware development, such as mechanical and electronic systems, as well as software for control using Grbl and the FlatCAM application for converting design files to G-Code. The test results show that the resolution of the X-axis movement is 375,000 steps/mm with an average error of 0.86%, while the Y-axis has a resolution of 395,153 steps/mm with an average error of 0.95%. The Z-axis shows a higher error due to the limitations of direct measurement of spindle movement. In addition, the machine is capable of producing precise engraving paths with a path thickness of T10 to T50, using a 10-degree router bit with a 0.1 mm tip at a DC motor speed of 6000 RPM. This microcontroller-based CNC machine successfully meets the needs of efficient and precise production processes, especially in the manufacture of complex designs such as PCB paths. The application of this technology offers an affordable solution for the needs of small and medium industries.