AI-Based Digital Transformation in Correctional Systems and The Challenges of Inmates’ Rights Protection (A Study at The Youth Correctional Institution of Langkat)

Abstract

Digital transformation in correctional systems constitutes part of public service modernization aimed at improving administrative efficiency and institutional security. One emerging innovation is the implementation of the Artificial Intelligence–Driven Visitor Management System (AI-VMS) in managing inmate visitation services. Despite its operational benefits, the use of artificial intelligence-based technology raises complex legal issues, particularly concerning the protection of human rights and personal data.This study aims to analyze the legal implications of AI implementation in correctional systems and to examine the challenges in protecting inmates’ rights from a human rights perspective. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, focusing on the Youth Correctional Institution of Langkat.The findings indicate that the implementation of AI-VMS has not yet been supported by comprehensive technical regulations, resulting in potential legal uncertainty, weak accountability, and risks of privacy violations through biometric data processing. Furthermore, reliance on algorithm-based decision-making may lead to disproportionate restrictions on visitation rights, which are not yet balanced by adequate correction mechanisms.This study concludes that digital transformation in correctional systems must be aligned with the principles of legality, proportionality, and human rights protection through regulatory strengthening, effective oversight mechanisms, and a human-centered approach to ensure consistency with the rule of law.