Reconstruction of the Corporate Criminal Liability Model in Natural Resource Corruption Offenses Following the 2023 National Criminal Code
Keywords:
Corporate Criminal Liability, Corruption, Natural Resources, National Criminal Code 2023, Criminal Law ReformAbstract
The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the National Criminal Code has introduced a new paradigm in the Indonesian criminal law system, including the regulation of corporate criminal liability. Nevertheless, the implementation of criminal accountability for corporations involved in corruption crimes within the natural resources sector continues to face structural and juridical obstacles. Weak law enforcement, overlapping regulations, limited mechanisms for identifying corporate intent, and difficulties in proving the role of corporate management have resulted in ineffective legal enforcement against corporate corruption in forestry, mining, plantation, and environmental sectors. This study aims to analyze the legal construction of corporate criminal liability in natural resource corruption cases after the enactment of the 2023 National Criminal Code and to formulate an ideal reconstruction model capable of strengthening legal certainty, justice, and corporate accountability. This research employs normative juridical methods using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Legal materials were obtained from legislation, court decisions, scientific journals, and legal doctrines relevant to corporate criminal law and anti-corruption policies. The findings indicate that the current regulation still leaves normative ambiguities regarding the attribution of criminal acts, standards of corporate fault, and sanctions implementation mechanisms. Therefore, reconstruction is required through the harmonization of criminal law policies, strengthening the doctrine of corporate liability, and reformulating proportional sanctions oriented toward recovery of state losses and environmental sustainability. The study concludes that legal reform in corporate criminal liability must not merely emphasize punitive aspects but also prioritize preventive and restorative dimensions to create a more effective and equitable criminal justice system.
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